Thursday, April 30, 2009
AP Euro Practice TEST
Our Practice Exam will be at Bayside on Saturday morning at 8 AM. I'd bring some food since you're going to be there for about four hours. Ms. Guest will be giving you the exam and please BE ON TIME!! Don't expect to take the test if you show up late. We're going to practice just like it's game day. You wouldn't be late to the national exam so don't be late to this one....also--turn your cell phones off and leave your ipod in your bag. Good luck!
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Hitler vs. Stalin
Who was worse? Why don't you visit this link and tell me what you think!
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture10.html
http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture10.html
Hohenzollern Family Tree
Hohenzollern (hō"un-tsôl'urn) [key], German princely family that ruled Brandenburg (1415–1918), Prussia (1525–1918), and Germany (1871–1918).
Originating in S Germany and traceable to the 11th cent., the family probably took its name from the German word zöller, meaning “watchtower” or “castle,” and in particular from the Swabian castle of Hohenzollern, the ancestral seat in the Black Forest. Conrad of Hohenzollern, appointed (c.1170) burgrave (imperial representative) of Nuremberg by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, was succeeded (1192) by Frederick of Hohenzollern (d. c.1200), whose sons founded the Swabian and Franconian lines of the family. (For the Swabian line see Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen under Hohenzollern, province.)
The Franconian line acquired the margraviates of Ansbach (1331) and Kulmbach (1340). In 1415 Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund made Frederick VI of Hohenzollern elector of Brandenburg, and in 1417 Frederick formally received the electoral dignity as Frederick I. Brandenburg then became the center of Hohenzollern power. Frederick II (reigned 1440–70) bought New Mark from the Teutonic Knights and Lower Lusatia from the Holy Roman emperor; he made Berlin the political capital.
Elector Albert Achilles (reigned 1470–86) issued a family law that made Brandenburg indivisible. Roman law was introduced by Joachim I (1499–1535), who tried to suppress the Protestant movement. In 1525 Albert of Brandenburg, grand master of the Teutonic Knights, secularized the domains of his order as the duchy of Prussia. Joachim II (reigned 1535–71) converted to Lutheranism. When John Sigismund (reigned 1608–19) converted to Calvinism, his subjects remained Lutheran; thus religious toleration became a mark of the dynasty.
John Sigismund's acquisition (1614) of Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg and his inheritance (1618) of the duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) marked the Hohenzollern rise as a leading German power. Frederick William, the Great Elector (reigned 1640–88), obtained E Pomerania, the secularized bishoprics of Cammin, Minden, and Halberstadt, and the expectancy to Magdeburg upon the death of its administrator. His reign brought centralization and absolutism to the Hohenzollern lands. In 1701 his son was crowned “king in Prussia” as Frederick I and at the Peace of Utrecht was recognized (1713) as king of Prussia. The royal title was a new symbol of the unity of the family holdings.
Frederick William I (reigned 1713–40), through his administrative, fiscal, and military reforms, was the real architect of Hohenzollern greatness. As a result of the Northern Wars he obtained (1721) part of W Pomerania, including Stettin. Frederick II (reigned 1740–86) seized Silesia from Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and acquired (1772) West Prussia and Ermeland from the first partition of Poland. An enlightened despot, he achieved the reform and codification (1794) of Prussian law. Frederick William II (reigned 1786–97), Frederick William III (reigned 1797–1840), and Frederick William IV (reigned 1840–61) were mediocre rulers; their ministers were more important in the history of Prussia.
William I (reigned 1861–88) entrusted his affairs to Otto von Bismarck, under whose direction Prussia triumphed over its rival Austria and over France. In 1871 William was proclaimed emperor (kaiser) of a united Germany. He was succeeded by Frederick III (1888) and by William II (reigned 1888–1918), whose instability and ambition contributed to the involvement of Germany in World War I; his abdication ended the family's rule in Germany.
Originating in S Germany and traceable to the 11th cent., the family probably took its name from the German word zöller, meaning “watchtower” or “castle,” and in particular from the Swabian castle of Hohenzollern, the ancestral seat in the Black Forest. Conrad of Hohenzollern, appointed (c.1170) burgrave (imperial representative) of Nuremberg by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, was succeeded (1192) by Frederick of Hohenzollern (d. c.1200), whose sons founded the Swabian and Franconian lines of the family. (For the Swabian line see Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen under Hohenzollern, province.)
The Franconian line acquired the margraviates of Ansbach (1331) and Kulmbach (1340). In 1415 Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund made Frederick VI of Hohenzollern elector of Brandenburg, and in 1417 Frederick formally received the electoral dignity as Frederick I. Brandenburg then became the center of Hohenzollern power. Frederick II (reigned 1440–70) bought New Mark from the Teutonic Knights and Lower Lusatia from the Holy Roman emperor; he made Berlin the political capital.
Elector Albert Achilles (reigned 1470–86) issued a family law that made Brandenburg indivisible. Roman law was introduced by Joachim I (1499–1535), who tried to suppress the Protestant movement. In 1525 Albert of Brandenburg, grand master of the Teutonic Knights, secularized the domains of his order as the duchy of Prussia. Joachim II (reigned 1535–71) converted to Lutheranism. When John Sigismund (reigned 1608–19) converted to Calvinism, his subjects remained Lutheran; thus religious toleration became a mark of the dynasty.
John Sigismund's acquisition (1614) of Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg and his inheritance (1618) of the duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) marked the Hohenzollern rise as a leading German power. Frederick William, the Great Elector (reigned 1640–88), obtained E Pomerania, the secularized bishoprics of Cammin, Minden, and Halberstadt, and the expectancy to Magdeburg upon the death of its administrator. His reign brought centralization and absolutism to the Hohenzollern lands. In 1701 his son was crowned “king in Prussia” as Frederick I and at the Peace of Utrecht was recognized (1713) as king of Prussia. The royal title was a new symbol of the unity of the family holdings.
Frederick William I (reigned 1713–40), through his administrative, fiscal, and military reforms, was the real architect of Hohenzollern greatness. As a result of the Northern Wars he obtained (1721) part of W Pomerania, including Stettin. Frederick II (reigned 1740–86) seized Silesia from Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and acquired (1772) West Prussia and Ermeland from the first partition of Poland. An enlightened despot, he achieved the reform and codification (1794) of Prussian law. Frederick William II (reigned 1786–97), Frederick William III (reigned 1797–1840), and Frederick William IV (reigned 1840–61) were mediocre rulers; their ministers were more important in the history of Prussia.
William I (reigned 1861–88) entrusted his affairs to Otto von Bismarck, under whose direction Prussia triumphed over its rival Austria and over France. In 1871 William was proclaimed emperor (kaiser) of a united Germany. He was succeeded by Frederick III (1888) and by William II (reigned 1888–1918), whose instability and ambition contributed to the involvement of Germany in World War I; his abdication ended the family's rule in Germany.
Brit Kings and Queens--a family tree
Timeline of the Kings and Queens of England
The House of York
1461 -1470 1471 -1485
* King Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483
* King Edward V 1483 - 1483
* King Richard III 1483 - 1485
King Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483
+ Age 19-41
+ Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
+ Married Elizabeth (English)
+ Nine children
+ Buried in Windsor Castle.
Came to the throne in 1461 after defeating Henry Vl at the Battle of Towton, in Yorkshire. He was just 19 years old. Tried to bring peace to the country.
During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton.
King Edward V 1483 - 1483
* Age 12
* Son of Edward IV
* Murdered in the Tower of London
* Now buried in Westminster Abbey.
Elder son of Edward IV. He reigned for only two months. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London. He was only about 12 years old when he died.
King Richard III 1483 - 1485
# Age 31-33
# Younger brother of Edward IV
# Married Anne (English)
# One child
# Killed in battle 1485
# Buried in Greyfriars Church, Leicester.
Prime suspect to the suspected murders of the two princes, Edward and Richard.
He was killed in battle against Henry Tudor (Henry VII) ending the Wars of the Roses. He was the last English King to die on the Battlefield.
* King Henry VII 1485 - 1509
* King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
* King Edward VI 1547 - 1553
* Jane Grey 1554
* Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
* Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603
King Henry VII 1485 - 1509
* Age 28-52
* Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
* Married Elizabeth (daughter of Edward IV)
* Seven children
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Henry gained the throne when he defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The battle ended the War of the Roses, a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
Kept England peaceful and brought riches to the crown and country.
King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
# Age 18-56
# Second son of Henry VII
# Married Catherine of Aragon (Spanish), Anne Boleyn
(English), Jane Seymore (English), Anne of Cleves (Flemish-Belgian), Catherine Howard (English), Catherine Parr (English)
# Three children
# Buried in Windsor Castle.
Henry succeeded to the throne because his elder brother Arthur died in 1502. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was Arthur's wife.
The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives!
Argued with the Pope and made himself the head of the new 'Church of England'.
Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived"
Edward King Edward VI 1547 - 1553
* Age 10-16
* Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.
* Unmarried
* Died from consumption
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Edward reigned under the protection of his uncle, the Duke of Somerset.
Edward was never a healthy King and died aged only 15 years.\
Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
* Age 37-42
* Daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragón
* Married Philip (Spanish)
* No Children
* Buried in Westminster.
Married Philip II of Spain. Wanted to make England Catholic again. Killed many who opposed her which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary.
Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603
* Age 25-69
* Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
* Unmarried
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
During her reign great adventurers discovered many new lands. Fought off the Spanish Armada.
Named James VI of Scotland her heir, uniting the two countries Scotland and England.
The Stuarts were the first
kings of the United Kingdom.
Now Scotland provided England with a new line of kings, the Stuarts. They were to bring disaster to the nation for, coming from Scotland where royal power had not been curbed by Parliament, they had no understanding of the more democratic ways that had developed in England.
* James I 1603 - 1625
* Charles I 1625 - 1649
* Charles II 1660 - 1685
* James II 1685 - 1688
* William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694
* Queen Anne 1702 - 1714
James 1James I 1603 - 1625
* Age 37-59
* Great-great-grandson of Henry VII
* Married Anne (Danish)
* Seven children
* Buried in Westminster.
When James became King of England, he was already a king - King James VI of Scotland. He was the first monarch to rule both countries and the first to call himself 'King of Great Britain'. However it was not until 1707 that an act of Parliament formally brought the two countries together.
James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He had been King of Scotland for twenty-nine years when he acceded to the English throne.
In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his friends, Catholics, tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so.
Guy Fawkes and men
The Gun Powder Plot
James authorised the translation of the King James Bible. He also had Sir Walter Raleigh executed
Charles 1Charles I 1625 - 1649
* Age 25-49
* Second son of James I
* Married Henrietta Maria (French
* Nine Children
* Executed
* Buried at Windsor.
He was not brought up to be king, but his elder brother, Henry, died of Typhoid at the age of 18.
Fought against the Parliament leading to civil war.
Was executed as a result on 30 January 1649.
The English Civil War (1642 - 51)
The war began in 1642 when, after seeing his rights as king slashed by Parliament, Charles miscalculated by swarming into the Palace of Westminster with several hundred soldiers to arrest five Members of Parliament and a peer he accused of treason. They all escaped, but London was scandalized and the king was forced to flee the city.
The war between the Roundheads (supporters of parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King) began.
The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659), under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector.
England became a Republic for eleven years from 1649 - 1660.
At first England was ruled by Parliament, but in 1653, Oliver Cromwell, commander of the army, became Lord Protector of England. He held his post until his death in 1658 (when his son briefly took over). Cromwell did not want to be king and refused the crown when it was offered to him.
The Commonwealth - declared May 19th 1649
* Oliver Cromwell (1653-58)
* Richard Cromwell (1658-59)
The Stuarts line Restored (The Restoration)
Charles II 1660 - 1685
# Age 30-55
# Son of Charles I
# Married Catherine (Portuguese)
# No children
# Buried in Westminster Abbey.
He was crowned King of Scotland in 1651. When Richard Cromwell lost the confidence of Parliament and abdicated, Charles returned to London in time for his thirtieth birthday and to rule Great Britain (Scotland, England and Wales).
Charles saw London recover from the Plague (1665) and Great Fire (1666). Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.
James II 1685 - 1688
* Age 52-55
* Younger brother of Charles II
* Married Anne (English) then Mary (Italian)
* Fifteen children
* Buried in Paris.
James was 15 when his father was executed. He escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl.
As his brother, Charles II, had no children James succeeded him.
Whilst king, James tried to force people to follow his Roman Catholic faith. He was very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestants, and he was hated by the people.
He was forced to give up the crown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Parliament asked William of Orange, who was married to James' daughter Mary, to take the throne. She was a Protestant.
William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694
Age 39-52 27-32, Mary was daughter of James II. Married William (Dutch). No children. Mary died 1694, William 1702. Both buried at Westminster Abbey.
Mary, daughter of James II and her Dutch husband were invited to be King and Queen following James abdication.
Queen Anne 1702 - 1714
* Age 37-49
* Sister of Mary II
* Second daughter of James II
* Married George (Danish)
* Seventeen children.
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
All of her 17 children died.
1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England formed Great Britain.
Last Stuart sovereign.
After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia of Hanover, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I's only daughter.
The House of Hanovarians
Anne, despite so many births, died without leaving an heir, a new family of monarchs now took over the throne - the Hanoverians, from north Germany.
King George I 1714 - 1727
# Age 54-67.
# Great-grandson of James I.
# Two children.
# Buried in Hanover (Germany).
George could hardly speak English and spent most of his time in his beloved Hanover. He made little effort to learn the language and customs of the country and communicated with his ministers in French.
Sir Robert Walpole became England's first Prime Minister.
King George II 1727 - 1760
* Age 44 - 77
* Son of George I
* Married Caroline (German)
* Eight children
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Preferred Germany to England, but learned to speak English, unlike his father.
Interesting Fact:
The last British monarch to lead troops into battle at the Battle of Dettingen against the French in 1743.
King George III 1760 - 1820
* Age 22-81
* Grandson of George II
* Married Charlotte (German)
* Fifteen children
* Buried at Windsor.
George III was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in England. He was the son of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, and grandson of George II. He was the first monarch since Queen Anne to put British interests well before those of Hanover.
George III ruled for 50 years and fathered 15 children.
Australia was colonized.
His reign was the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth.
It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson.
In 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776.
The 1790s saw the French Revolution. The wars with France continued until Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
King George IV 1820 - 1830
* Age 58-67
* Eldest son of George III
* Married Mrs Fitzherbert (English), then Caroline (German)
* One child
* Buried at Windsor.
He became Prince Regent while his father was very ill.
Built Brighton Pavilion.
George IV's only daughter died young.
King William IV 1830 - 1837
# Age 65-71.
# Third son of George III.
# Married Adelaide (German).
# No children
# Buried at Windsor.
Became known as the "Sailor King" after joining the navy from just 13 years old.
During his reign England abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833.
Queen Victoria 1837 - 1901
* Age 18-81.
* Grand daughter of George III.
* Maried Albert (German).
* Nine children.
* Buried at Windsor (Frogmore Mausoleum).
Victoria was the daughter of Edward, duke of Kent (fourth son of George III) and a niece of George IV and William lV.
She married Albert of Saxe - Coburg Gotha. Ruled during the industrial revolution. The British Empire became powerful, rich and confident. When Victoria died in 1901, after the longest reign in English history, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had 9 children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.
The House of York
1461 -1470 1471 -1485
* King Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483
* King Edward V 1483 - 1483
* King Richard III 1483 - 1485
King Edward IV 1461 -1470, 1471 - 1483
+ Age 19-41
+ Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
+ Married Elizabeth (English)
+ Nine children
+ Buried in Windsor Castle.
Came to the throne in 1461 after defeating Henry Vl at the Battle of Towton, in Yorkshire. He was just 19 years old. Tried to bring peace to the country.
During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton.
King Edward V 1483 - 1483
* Age 12
* Son of Edward IV
* Murdered in the Tower of London
* Now buried in Westminster Abbey.
Elder son of Edward IV. He reigned for only two months. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London. He was only about 12 years old when he died.
King Richard III 1483 - 1485
# Age 31-33
# Younger brother of Edward IV
# Married Anne (English)
# One child
# Killed in battle 1485
# Buried in Greyfriars Church, Leicester.
Prime suspect to the suspected murders of the two princes, Edward and Richard.
He was killed in battle against Henry Tudor (Henry VII) ending the Wars of the Roses. He was the last English King to die on the Battlefield.
* King Henry VII 1485 - 1509
* King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
* King Edward VI 1547 - 1553
* Jane Grey 1554
* Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
* Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603
King Henry VII 1485 - 1509
* Age 28-52
* Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III
* Married Elizabeth (daughter of Edward IV)
* Seven children
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Henry gained the throne when he defeated and killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The battle ended the War of the Roses, a dispute between the House of Lancaster and the House of York.
Kept England peaceful and brought riches to the crown and country.
King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
# Age 18-56
# Second son of Henry VII
# Married Catherine of Aragon (Spanish), Anne Boleyn
(English), Jane Seymore (English), Anne of Cleves (Flemish-Belgian), Catherine Howard (English), Catherine Parr (English)
# Three children
# Buried in Windsor Castle.
Henry succeeded to the throne because his elder brother Arthur died in 1502. His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was Arthur's wife.
The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives!
Argued with the Pope and made himself the head of the new 'Church of England'.
Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived"
Edward King Edward VI 1547 - 1553
* Age 10-16
* Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.
* Unmarried
* Died from consumption
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Edward reigned under the protection of his uncle, the Duke of Somerset.
Edward was never a healthy King and died aged only 15 years.\
Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
* Age 37-42
* Daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragón
* Married Philip (Spanish)
* No Children
* Buried in Westminster.
Married Philip II of Spain. Wanted to make England Catholic again. Killed many who opposed her which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary.
Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603
* Age 25-69
* Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
* Unmarried
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
During her reign great adventurers discovered many new lands. Fought off the Spanish Armada.
Named James VI of Scotland her heir, uniting the two countries Scotland and England.
The Stuarts were the first
kings of the United Kingdom.
Now Scotland provided England with a new line of kings, the Stuarts. They were to bring disaster to the nation for, coming from Scotland where royal power had not been curbed by Parliament, they had no understanding of the more democratic ways that had developed in England.
* James I 1603 - 1625
* Charles I 1625 - 1649
* Charles II 1660 - 1685
* James II 1685 - 1688
* William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694
* Queen Anne 1702 - 1714
James 1James I 1603 - 1625
* Age 37-59
* Great-great-grandson of Henry VII
* Married Anne (Danish)
* Seven children
* Buried in Westminster.
When James became King of England, he was already a king - King James VI of Scotland. He was the first monarch to rule both countries and the first to call himself 'King of Great Britain'. However it was not until 1707 that an act of Parliament formally brought the two countries together.
James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He had been King of Scotland for twenty-nine years when he acceded to the English throne.
In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his friends, Catholics, tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so.
Guy Fawkes and men
The Gun Powder Plot
James authorised the translation of the King James Bible. He also had Sir Walter Raleigh executed
Charles 1Charles I 1625 - 1649
* Age 25-49
* Second son of James I
* Married Henrietta Maria (French
* Nine Children
* Executed
* Buried at Windsor.
He was not brought up to be king, but his elder brother, Henry, died of Typhoid at the age of 18.
Fought against the Parliament leading to civil war.
Was executed as a result on 30 January 1649.
The English Civil War (1642 - 51)
The war began in 1642 when, after seeing his rights as king slashed by Parliament, Charles miscalculated by swarming into the Palace of Westminster with several hundred soldiers to arrest five Members of Parliament and a peer he accused of treason. They all escaped, but London was scandalized and the king was forced to flee the city.
The war between the Roundheads (supporters of parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King) began.
The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with first the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659), under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector.
England became a Republic for eleven years from 1649 - 1660.
At first England was ruled by Parliament, but in 1653, Oliver Cromwell, commander of the army, became Lord Protector of England. He held his post until his death in 1658 (when his son briefly took over). Cromwell did not want to be king and refused the crown when it was offered to him.
The Commonwealth - declared May 19th 1649
* Oliver Cromwell (1653-58)
* Richard Cromwell (1658-59)
The Stuarts line Restored (The Restoration)
Charles II 1660 - 1685
# Age 30-55
# Son of Charles I
# Married Catherine (Portuguese)
# No children
# Buried in Westminster Abbey.
He was crowned King of Scotland in 1651. When Richard Cromwell lost the confidence of Parliament and abdicated, Charles returned to London in time for his thirtieth birthday and to rule Great Britain (Scotland, England and Wales).
Charles saw London recover from the Plague (1665) and Great Fire (1666). Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.
James II 1685 - 1688
* Age 52-55
* Younger brother of Charles II
* Married Anne (English) then Mary (Italian)
* Fifteen children
* Buried in Paris.
James was 15 when his father was executed. He escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl.
As his brother, Charles II, had no children James succeeded him.
Whilst king, James tried to force people to follow his Roman Catholic faith. He was very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestants, and he was hated by the people.
He was forced to give up the crown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Parliament asked William of Orange, who was married to James' daughter Mary, to take the throne. She was a Protestant.
William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694
Age 39-52 27-32, Mary was daughter of James II. Married William (Dutch). No children. Mary died 1694, William 1702. Both buried at Westminster Abbey.
Mary, daughter of James II and her Dutch husband were invited to be King and Queen following James abdication.
Queen Anne 1702 - 1714
* Age 37-49
* Sister of Mary II
* Second daughter of James II
* Married George (Danish)
* Seventeen children.
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
All of her 17 children died.
1707 Act of Union between Scotland and England formed Great Britain.
Last Stuart sovereign.
After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia of Hanover, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I's only daughter.
The House of Hanovarians
Anne, despite so many births, died without leaving an heir, a new family of monarchs now took over the throne - the Hanoverians, from north Germany.
King George I 1714 - 1727
# Age 54-67.
# Great-grandson of James I.
# Two children.
# Buried in Hanover (Germany).
George could hardly speak English and spent most of his time in his beloved Hanover. He made little effort to learn the language and customs of the country and communicated with his ministers in French.
Sir Robert Walpole became England's first Prime Minister.
King George II 1727 - 1760
* Age 44 - 77
* Son of George I
* Married Caroline (German)
* Eight children
* Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Preferred Germany to England, but learned to speak English, unlike his father.
Interesting Fact:
The last British monarch to lead troops into battle at the Battle of Dettingen against the French in 1743.
King George III 1760 - 1820
* Age 22-81
* Grandson of George II
* Married Charlotte (German)
* Fifteen children
* Buried at Windsor.
George III was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in England. He was the son of Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, and grandson of George II. He was the first monarch since Queen Anne to put British interests well before those of Hanover.
George III ruled for 50 years and fathered 15 children.
Australia was colonized.
His reign was the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth.
It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson.
In 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776.
The 1790s saw the French Revolution. The wars with France continued until Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
King George IV 1820 - 1830
* Age 58-67
* Eldest son of George III
* Married Mrs Fitzherbert (English), then Caroline (German)
* One child
* Buried at Windsor.
He became Prince Regent while his father was very ill.
Built Brighton Pavilion.
George IV's only daughter died young.
King William IV 1830 - 1837
# Age 65-71.
# Third son of George III.
# Married Adelaide (German).
# No children
# Buried at Windsor.
Became known as the "Sailor King" after joining the navy from just 13 years old.
During his reign England abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833.
Queen Victoria 1837 - 1901
* Age 18-81.
* Grand daughter of George III.
* Maried Albert (German).
* Nine children.
* Buried at Windsor (Frogmore Mausoleum).
Victoria was the daughter of Edward, duke of Kent (fourth son of George III) and a niece of George IV and William lV.
She married Albert of Saxe - Coburg Gotha. Ruled during the industrial revolution. The British Empire became powerful, rich and confident. When Victoria died in 1901, after the longest reign in English history, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had 9 children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.
Death in the 20th Century by the numbers....
) been...
Death Toll Event Dates
1 50,000,000 SECOND WORLD WAR [Some overlap with Stalinist regime;
Includes Japanese-Sino War] 1937-45
2 48,250,000 China: Mao Zedong's regime. (incl. famine) 1949-76
3 20,000,000 USSR: Stalinist Purges/Regime (incl. WW2-era atrocities) 1924-53
4 15,000,000 FIRST WORLD WAR (incl. Armenian HOLOCAUST) 1914-18
5 8,800,000 Russian Civil War 1918-21
6 4,000,000 China: WARLORD AND NATIONALIST 1917-37
7 3,000,000 CONGO FREE STATE 1900-08
8 2,800,000 Korean War 1950-53
9 2,700,000 2nd Indochina War (incl. Laos & Cambodia) 1960-75
10 2,500,000 Chinese Civil War 1945-49
11 2,100,000 German Expulsions after WW2 1945-47
12 1,900,000 Second Sudanese Civil War 1983-
13 1,700,000 Congolese Civil War 1998-
14 1,650,000 Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Regime 1975-79
15 1,400,000 Afghanistan: Civil War 1980-
15 1,400,000 Ethiopian Civil Wars 1962-92
17 1,250,000 Mexican Revolution 1910-20
18 1,250,000 East Pakistan: Massacres 1971
19 1,000,000 Iran-Iraq War 1980-88
19 1,000,000 Nigeria: Biafran revolt 1967-70
21 800,000 Mozambique: Civil War 1976-92
21 800,000 Rwandan Massacres 1994
23 650,000 French-Algerian War 1954-62
24 600,000 First Indochina War 1945-54
25 500,000 India-Pakistan Partition 1947
25 500,000 Indonesia: Massacre of Communists 1965-67
25 500,000 Angolan Civil War 1975-94
25 500,000 First Sudanese Civil War 1955-72
25 500,000 Decline of the Amazonian Indians 1900-99
30 365,000 Spanish Civil War 1936-39
31 350,000 Somalia: Civil War 1991-
? Unknown North Korea: Communist Regime 1948-
Death Toll Event Dates
1 50,000,000 SECOND WORLD WAR [Some overlap with Stalinist regime;
Includes Japanese-Sino War] 1937-45
2 48,250,000 China: Mao Zedong's regime. (incl. famine) 1949-76
3 20,000,000 USSR: Stalinist Purges/Regime (incl. WW2-era atrocities) 1924-53
4 15,000,000 FIRST WORLD WAR (incl. Armenian HOLOCAUST) 1914-18
5 8,800,000 Russian Civil War 1918-21
6 4,000,000 China: WARLORD AND NATIONALIST 1917-37
7 3,000,000 CONGO FREE STATE 1900-08
8 2,800,000 Korean War 1950-53
9 2,700,000 2nd Indochina War (incl. Laos & Cambodia) 1960-75
10 2,500,000 Chinese Civil War 1945-49
11 2,100,000 German Expulsions after WW2 1945-47
12 1,900,000 Second Sudanese Civil War 1983-
13 1,700,000 Congolese Civil War 1998-
14 1,650,000 Cambodia: Khmer Rouge Regime 1975-79
15 1,400,000 Afghanistan: Civil War 1980-
15 1,400,000 Ethiopian Civil Wars 1962-92
17 1,250,000 Mexican Revolution 1910-20
18 1,250,000 East Pakistan: Massacres 1971
19 1,000,000 Iran-Iraq War 1980-88
19 1,000,000 Nigeria: Biafran revolt 1967-70
21 800,000 Mozambique: Civil War 1976-92
21 800,000 Rwandan Massacres 1994
23 650,000 French-Algerian War 1954-62
24 600,000 First Indochina War 1945-54
25 500,000 India-Pakistan Partition 1947
25 500,000 Indonesia: Massacre of Communists 1965-67
25 500,000 Angolan Civil War 1975-94
25 500,000 First Sudanese Civil War 1955-72
25 500,000 Decline of the Amazonian Indians 1900-99
30 365,000 Spanish Civil War 1936-39
31 350,000 Somalia: Civil War 1991-
? Unknown North Korea: Communist Regime 1948-
AP Test Location and Rules!!
AP European History Test Location:
Virginia Beach Convention Center (VBCC)
1000 19th Street
Virginia Beach 23451
The Virginia Beach Convention Center can be reached using the Virginia Beach Expressway, or via Virginia Beach Boulevard/Laskin Road, and Birdneck Road. Parking for AP students will be in the lots next to the VBCC (not across the street). The AP tests will be administered in Hall C, which is closest to theses parking areas. (Map provided)
1. It is strongly suggested that students unfamiliar with their AP testing location travel to the location prior to the test day to familiarize themselves with the route.
2. Students are reminded to leave in plenty of time to safely reach their testing location.
3. Keep in mind that we are guests of the facilities we will be using. There will be no acceptable excuse for misbehavior, and any such behavior will result in immediate dismissal from the testing site.
4. Check the Student Information sheet provided by your school to note items that are not allowed at the testing site.
Virginia Beach Convention Center (VBCC)
1000 19th Street
Virginia Beach 23451
The Virginia Beach Convention Center can be reached using the Virginia Beach Expressway, or via Virginia Beach Boulevard/Laskin Road, and Birdneck Road. Parking for AP students will be in the lots next to the VBCC (not across the street). The AP tests will be administered in Hall C, which is closest to theses parking areas. (Map provided)
1. It is strongly suggested that students unfamiliar with their AP testing location travel to the location prior to the test day to familiarize themselves with the route.
2. Students are reminded to leave in plenty of time to safely reach their testing location.
3. Keep in mind that we are guests of the facilities we will be using. There will be no acceptable excuse for misbehavior, and any such behavior will result in immediate dismissal from the testing site.
4. Check the Student Information sheet provided by your school to note items that are not allowed at the testing site.
Monday, April 27, 2009
Permission Slip Criminials
Hello Permission Slip Criminals...YOU NEED to HAND in your slips to me BY TOMORROW!!! You know who you are...I am still missing a lot and Ms. Hamar needs them back ASAP! Please remember!!
Sunday, April 26, 2009
Merry Christmas...I got you a list of ISMS...enjoy!
absolutism - A form of government in which the king has complete control. Russia under Peter the Great, or France under Louis XIV for example.
anarchism - The idea that all government is bad.
anti-Semitism - The idea that Jews are the enemy because they are Jews.
Austro-Slavism – the ism that says all the Slavs are better off protected by Austria than getting conquered by Russia or killing each other.
bullionism - The idea that the more gold or silver in a country the better. Started with the opening of the Atlantic. There are two ways to get the gold: mine it (Spain) or steal it (England.)
capitalism - Economic system in which capital is controlled by individuals, not by the state. The economy grows through the efforts of each individual to make the most profit. Possession of property is the foundation for personal independence and political liberty.
colonialism - Closely related to imperialism. The idea that countries should settle their own people (establish colonies) in lands they conquer to manage the economic exploitation of the area and to govern it.
communism - A form of government and a way to manage the economy that puts all power in the hands of the Communist Party, ostensibly to manage the country for the good of the "people." "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs." The original ideas were Karl Marx's. It was brought to fruition in Russia by Lenin.
conservatism - The idea that change should come slowly, if at all. Its classical, 19th Century form emphasizes tradition, order, and stability and was most definitively expressed by Edmund Burke.
cubism - Early 20th century art movement, practiced by Picasso and others.
Cultural relativism – It is the idea that all cultures have the same problems and solve them in different ways that fit their special geographical and historical conditions. No one culture is better than another; they are just “different.”
Deconstructionism – A skeptical approach to the possibility of coherent meaning begun by French philosopher Jacques Derrida. He says that there is no “privileged point” such as an author’s contact with reality that confers significance on a text. There is only the limitless opportunity for fresh commentary or encounter with the text. A deconstructionist reading of a text “subverts” its apparent significance by uncovering contradictions and conflict within it.
Deism - the belief that God exists and created the world but thereafter assumed no control over it or over the lives of people.
Enlightened despotism - Absolute rule justified not on grounds of heredity or divine right. Secular in outlook and justification, as in Frederick the Great's self-description as "the first servant of the state." Used to rationalize and organize the state from the top down during the Age of the Enlightenment. Other example is Joseph II of Austria.
fascism - "Nationalism on steroids." Also a hierarchical economic system not unlike feudalism except that everyone is working at the behest of and for the benefit of the state. The ideal government is the “corporate syndical state.”
feudalism - A hierarchical system of government and agriculture based on private contract. Land, worked by serfs attached to it, was held by vassals in exchange for military service and other duties to lords.
futurism - movement in pre-World War One Italian painting and sculpture. Sometimes identified with fascism. Opposed traditionalism and tried to depict dynamic movement by the elimination of conventional form, balance and rhythm. Stressed the violence and speed of the machine age.
Gallicanism - name for French Catholic Church since French kings wrested so much power from the Pope.
Humanism - the intellectual and culture movement that grew out of the study of Greek and Roman literature at the end of the Middle Ages. It was an important factor in the rise of the Renaissance. Characterized by an emphasis on human interests and characteristics rather than the natural world or religion.
Idealism – any doctrine that holds that reality is fundamentally mental rather than material. The first and most important advocate of this notion was Plato.
imperialism - The desire of a country to take over and exploit foreign lands, usually inhabited by people of different ethnicity and religion. Economic motive is to acquire raw materials.
impressionism - French art movement started around 1871 with Monet's "Impression of Sunrise" at Salon des Refuses in Paris.
individualism - The idea that the individual is more important than the state or any other group.
irredentism - The desire to reclaim land that once belonged to one's country and, in one's opinion, should again.
Jansenism - Ideas of 17th century French Catholics who favored Calvinist interpretation of Christianity just the same.
liberalism - 19th political philosophy supported mostly by business and professional men. They support only limited suffrage. They favor freedom for the individual, so they fear the "mob." Strong emphasis on the rights of property. Generally they favored laissez-faire economics, especially at the beginning of the 19th century - keep the government out of the economy and let each individual have as much freedom as possible to improve himself. Advocated free trade (so they opposed mercantilists). Generally they opposed militarism. Favors constitutionalism, “stake in society” theory, and nationalism, because of the idea that people should be governed with their own consent. At the beginning of the 19th century liberals defined freedom as the absence of constraint. At the end they defined it as the presence of opportunity.
materialism - The idea that only what is tangible is real. "Everything mental, spiritual or ideal is an outgrowth of physical or physiological forces." (RRP) Marx was a materialist; so was Thomas Hobbes.
mercantilism - The idea that a national economy must be strong and self-sufficient. Encourages establishment of a "favorable" balance of trade: export more than you import. Results in increase of gold in country. Developed along with national monarchies as a way to finance governments. Through the granting of monopolies governments made money and consolidated power. Monopolies enabled the products of one nation to be sold to advantage internationally, by controlling the supply. Favors tariffs in international trade to keep out imports and seeks to eliminate barriers to internal trade. Government participation is decisive so mercantilism will be opposed by the capitalists who want freedom from all government involvement in the economy.
nationalism - The idea that people of the same language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage should have their own government on their own land.
Naturalism - literary movement following realism in literature. Demonstrates the determination of human character by the natural and social environment. In France the most famous practitioner was Emile Zola.
nihilism - Ideas of disgruntled intellectuals in 1860s Russia. They believed in "nothing" except science.
Pan-slavism - The idea that Slavic peoples should identify with each other and have their own nation. (No matter that Slavs have many different histories, cultures, historic lands, languages and religions.) Heavily promoted by Russia at the end of the 19th century as a way to promote her own imperialistic aspirations in the Balkans.
Pantheism – The belief that God and the universe are identical, which denies the personality and transcendence of God.
positivism - Philosophy identified with French philosopher Auguste Comte. Insists on verifiable facts, avoidance of wishful thinking, questioning of all assumptions, dislike of improvable generalizations. "...in its broad sense, both in its demand for observation of facts and testing of ideas, and in its aspiration to be humanly useful, t contributed to the growth of the social sciences as a branch of learning." (RRP)
Post-modernism – In culture it is associated with surfaces and superficial style including self-conscious parody and quotation. It is a reaction to the naïve confidence in progress and also again confidence in objective or scientific truth. These folks disagree with the idea that even though history admits of no one final description it does admit of more or less accurate ones.
Post-structuralism – It is a flavor of post-modernism defined by its reaction against structuralism (duh!) and it goes with writers like Derrida and Foucault. It rejects any concepts of objectivity, reality or truth, even in the definition of the self. These folks believe that there is no meaning inherent in any work of art and that it does not matter one jot why it was made, who the author or artist was, what the context was in which is was made, and that furthermore any one’s interpretation of it is equally good as anyone else’s. These folks are also concerned with the use of words to determine or create relationships of power. They disagree with the structuralists that the unconscious and forms of society obey structural laws even if they have not been discovered.
realism - Art and literature movement that followed Romanticism. Closely allied with Realpolitik in government. As a philosophy it is a "kind of unrealistic faith in the constructive value of struggle and a tough-minded rejection of ideas and ideals." (RRP)
radicalism - English movement of philosophers who wanted to "deduce the right form of institutions from the very nature of and psychology of man himself." (RRP) Favored universal manhood suffrage, reform of Parliament.
relativism - The idea that truth is not absolute, but rather is subjective. It maintains that the basis for judgment depends on the events, people, or circumstances surrounding a given situation.
republicanism - French idea that a republican form of government is best. Opposed to the monarchists who were scared of the excesses of the Jacobins and their ancestors. Unlike liberals they favor universal suffrage. They are opposed to monarchy of any variety and they are opposed to the Catholic church since they think it is the enemy of reason and liberty.
romanticism - Movement in art, music and literature that was a reaction against the classical period. Themes included emotion, supernatural, nationalism, cute peasants, historical themes, nature (especially dangerous nature), true love (often unrequited) and death.
Scholasticism - The system of logic, philosophy and theology of medieval university scholars, includes the idea that reason and faith can be reconciled. The most famous practitioner is St. Thomas Aquinas. It is based on the writings of Aristotle and the early Christian fathers.
Social Darwinism - The idea that life is a struggle and only the fittest groups of people should survive.
socialism - Idea that the government should manage the economy, or aspects of the economy for the good of the people. 19th century socialists agreed that workers were unfairly treated, opposed competition as a principle of economic behavior, rejected laissez-faire, questioned the validity of the concept of private property.
Structuralism – An intellectual movement from France in the 1960’s. It asserted that phenomena of human life do not make sense except through their inter-relations. The inter-relations constitute the “Structure” and there are laws that explain how the structure works. In anthropology the leading structuralist was Claude Levi-Strauss.
Syndicalism – revolutionary French trade unionism. Its leader was Georges Sorel, whose book was “Reflections on Violence.” Its high point was 1895. Syndicalists accept the Marxist idea of class struggle and the need for revolution, but they argue that the state should be destroyed and not merely captured. Their method is the general strike executed through trade unions. The idea is that the government will be replaced with a federation of unions that will collectively own the means of production and distribution. Then each industry will be administered by the workers organized into “syndicats.”
totalitarianism - The organization of a state that has complete control over every aspect of the individual's life and in which the goal of the individual is to serve the state. Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, Communist China are all examples.
utilitarianism - Idea of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) that the object of conduct and legislation is to achieve, in the words of Francis Hutchison, “the greatest good for the greatest number”. There is a strong relativist component since the morality of an action is defined by its utility: does it cause pleasure or pain? Bentham defines "good" as that which gives pleasure or stops pain and "bad" as that which gives pain.
ultramontanism - Flavor of Catholicism that gives absolute obedience and allegiance to the Pope. Jesuits practice it. It finally prevailed over the Gallican and other nationalistic tendencies within the Church in the late 19th century.
Zionism - The idea that Jews should have a nation in the land of Israel. First articulated by Theodor Herzl in 1896, in response to anti-Semitism unleashed by the Dreyfus case.
Saturday, April 25, 2009
The Mother of All Treasure Hunts (545 questions!!)
Some of you have asked for it and I decided to post it here in case you want to get a jump start on the questions...I must warn you though...this is HUGE!
THE MOTHER OF ALL TREASURE HUNTS
OR AN ATTEMPT TO REMIND YOU OF SOME OF THE MANY THINGS YOU HAVE FORGOTTEN THIS YEAR!
1. What philosophy of the Renaissance brought a new emphasis on the study of humankind and questioned many prior beliefs?
2. Name the "father of Humanism", called the first man of the Renaissance?
3. What invention caused the cost of warfare to rise greatly and brought a major weakening in the system of feudalism aiding monarchs in the centralization of governmental power?
4. What war in Europe was the first to feature the widespread use of gunpowder and large armies of commoner foot soldiers?
5. What city in Asia Minor was conquered by the Ottoman Turks bringing an end to the Eastern Roman Empire and forcing many scholars to move to Italy? In what year did the city fall?
6. In what country did the European Renaissance begin?
7. Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany is most frequently credited with what invention in 15th century?
8. Name the family that dominated the politics of Florence during the Renaissance.
9. The early Renaissance was characterized by classicism, the admiration and imitation of what?
10. Name the Italian political writer who summarized his cynical recommendations for ruling in The Prince.
11. Who wrote The Courtier, a Renaissance book of behavior and morals for gentlemen setting standards for 250 years?
12. In what western European country did the Muslims or Moors of North Africa leave their most lasting cultural impression?
13. The marriage of what two sovereigns united Spain? What 2 kingdoms were united by their marriage?
14. The Reconquista was the reconquest of Spain defeating what people? In what year was it finished?
15. What three institutional barriers stood in the way of centralized monarchy in the 16th century?
16. What two significant national areas of Europe were still unconsolidated at the end of the 17th century and would remain so until the 19th century.
17. Name the Dutch Christian Humanist who wrote the satire In Praise of Folly and numerous letters and essays seeking religious reform.
18. What event caused the Northern Renaissance to be more involved with religion than the Italian Renaissance?
19. Name the German priest whose protests over indulgences and Papal authority began the Reformation.
20. Name the man who, in the first half of the sixteenth century, reigned over Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, and Hungary the duchy of Milan, several German states and was also Holy Roman Emperor.
21. What nation’s invasion of Italy in 1494 caused the formation of the first modern coalition dedicated to reestablishing a balance of power?
22. Name the agreement of 1555 that allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.
23. The Protestant Reformation began in and had its greatest immediate impact upon what national area?
24. Name the Reformation leader who established theocratic rule in Geneva and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion.
25. Name the English monarch who broke with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
26. England went through its worst period of the Reformation as what monarch attempted to bring back Catholicism?
27. Who was the daughter of Henry VIII whose reign is most identified with the Renaissance in England?
28. England was made permanently Protestant by what ruler?
29. Which Protestant religious reformer is most associated with the belief of predestination.
30. What were French Calvinist Protestants known as? What were English Calvinist Protestants known as?
31. Who was the Calvinist reformer who took the Reformation to Scotland? In Scotland, Calvinists were what?
32. Name the man who founded the Jesuit Order (the Society of Jesus) in 1534.
33. Name the series of meetings called by Pope Paul III from 1545 1563 to initiate reform and clarify doctrine in the Roman Catholic Church as part of the Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation.
34. What are the 4 "G's" given as motives and reasons for the search for the all-water route to Asia?
35. What European nation took the early lead in the exploration of the world?
36. Name the Portuguese royal family member who founded a navigators’ school and was the great patron of early exploration?
37. Name the Genoese, sailing for Spain in 1492, made the voyage that opened European contact with the Americas?
38. What 1494 treaty divided the newly discovered unoccupied "heathen" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal.
39. Who led the Portuguese expedition that was the first to reach India by an all water route, 1498-99?
40. Who led the first expedition to sail around the world, 1519-22?
41. Name the Spaniard who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico, 1519-1522.
42. Name the Spaniard who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in modern Peru in 1535.
43. Name the Spanish monarch, the son of Charles V, who led Spain to world dominance in the latter Sixteenth Century.
44. What nation tried and failed in an attempted invasion of England in 1588?
45. What was the invasion fleet of 1588 known as?
46. What financial problem seriously damaged the economy of Spain due to the high influx of silver and gold?
47. Who was defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 beginning the end of its dominance of the eastern Mediterranean?
48. Name the great Spanish author of Don Quixote who was a veteran of the Battle of Lepanto.
49. Where did England found its first permanent colony in the Americas in 1607?
50. Where did France found its first permanent colony in the Americas in 1608?
51. What was the first cash crop that brought profits to the English colonies of North America?
52. What was the most important source of revenue for France in its North American colony of Quebec?
53. Who gained the throne of France in 1589 and converted to Catholicism bringing the French religious wars to an end?
54. What European nation won its independence in 1648 after an 80 year revolution against Spanish rule?
55. What European nation was recognized as independent of Habsburg rule in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
56. What 1598 decree by King Henry IV granted French Protestants freedom to practice their religion and build fortifications?
57. Name the French clergyman appointed First Minister of France by Louis XIII, serving 1624 1642, most responsible for the creation of the absolute monarchy in France.
58. What were the TWO basic goals of Cardinal Richelieu's policies?
59. What English document of 1215 first limited that country's monarchical power?
60. What family succeeded to the throne of England in 1603 joining together the monarchies of England and Scotland?
61. Name the King of Scotland who became King of England in 1603, joining the countries together.
62. What two forces clashed over the right to rule England through most of the 17th century?
63. In what English document of 1628 did King Charles I agree to the basic rights of Parliament?
64. What English king was executed in 1649 after the Civil War that began in 1642?
65. What was the nickname given to the Royalists and their supporters in the English Civil War, 1642-1649?
66. What was the nickname given to the Puritan Parliamentarians and their supporters in the English Civil War, 1642-1649?
67. Who was leader of the New Model Army and Lord Protector of England from 1649 to 1658?
68. One cause of the Thirty Years’ War was the omission of what religious denomination from the Peace of Augsburg?
69. One cause of the Thirty Years' War was the upsetting of the balance of power by what ruling family?
70. The Thirty Years' War began with a religious revolt by what group? (Identify nationality and religion)
71. Name the three major nations that came to the aid of the Protestant princes in the Thirty Years' War?
72. Name the agreement that settled the Thirty Years' War signed in 1648.
73. What country benefited most from the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648?
74. What two countries were recognized as independent in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
75. What national area of Europe suffered the most damage as a result of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648?
76. What German state began rebuilding from the Thirty Years' War by creating a strong national army?
77. What 2 European nations became the chief rivals for the control of India and North America in the 17th century?
78. What nation seized control of the Indian Ocean, China Sea, and East Indies from Portugal in the 17th century?
79. Name the political economic theory used to justify the regulation of business, trade and commerce by government in the 17th and 18th centuries.
80. Name the cardinal who succeeded Richelieu and served as Louis XIV's chief minister, 1642-1661?
81. What supposedly did Louis XIV say that expressed his belief in an absolute, autocratic monarchy so well?
82. Where did Louis XIV build his fabulous palace to house the nobility?
83. What ministry did Jean Baptiste Colbert head under King Louis XIV?
84. What nation stood in the way of Louis XIV's attempt to extend French territory to the Rhine River?
85. What national area did the Habsburgs gain from the Ottoman Empire in the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699.
86. What monarch came to the throne of England in the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660?
87. What two political parties first appeared in England during the 1670's?
88. What monarch was removed from the throne of England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
89. Who did the Glorious Revolution place on the throne of England?
90. The Glorious Revolution actually insured the rule of what in England?
91. What declaration by William and Mary in 1689 stated English constitutional principles including rule by Parliament?
92. The only major uprising against William and Mary was at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 in what country?
93. Name the author of Leviathan, who favored strong governmental authority because of his pessimistic view of humans.
94. Name the author of Of Civil Government: Two Treatises published 1690. What 3 natural rights did he note?
95. The War of the League of Augsburg, 1689-97, was fought to stop what nation from capturing the mouth of the Rhine?
96. What nation became the leader of the anti-French coalition in the War of the League of Augsburg, 1689-97?
97. What city was the center of European/international banking in 1450? In 1530? In 1600? In 1710? In 1920?
98. The War of the Spanish Succession was caused in part by what nation upsetting the balance of power?
99. In the Act of Settlement of 1701, the English monarch was guaranteed to be of what religion?
100. According to the Act of Settlement of 1701, what two monarchs would follow William III?
101. What 2 countries were joined together officially by the Act of Union of 1707?
102. What war was ended by the Peace of Utrecht and the Peace of Rastatt in 1713-14?
103. What family won the throne of Spain in the Peace of Utrecht?
104. What restriction was place upon France and Spain by the Peace of Utrecht?
105. The Elector of Brandenburg gained what title during the War of the Spanish Succession?
106. What family ruled Austria, Hungary, and much of south central Europe from the 14th century until 1918?
107. What family took the throne of Great Britain in 1714 after the death of Queen Anne according to the Act of Settlement?
108. What European state was ruled by the Hohenzollern family (dynasty) from 1417 until 1918?
109. The War of the Spanish Succession caused what small but significant economic power of Western Europe to go into decline?
110. What geographic problem has affected Russian history encouraging expansion?
111. Name the Tsar most responsible for Europeanizing Russia in the early Eighteenth Century.
112. What was Peter the Great's "window on the Baltic"?
113. The Great Northern War brought what nation into European affairs as a power for the first time?
114. What nation lost the Great Northern War and its lands on the southern Baltic in the Treaty of Nystad of 1721?
115. Name 6 great empires or powers of the sixteenth century that went into decline in the 17th century.
116. The need for labor on plantations to grow what crop was greatly responsible for the increase in the African slave trade in the 17th and 18th centuries?
117. Who succeeded Louis XIV as King of France, reigning 1715-1774? How were they related?
118. Identify the Polish astronomer whose works published in 1543 first championed the heliocentric theory.
119. Identify the Danish astronomer whose accurate charts of the heavens before the invention of the telescope provided the data for the Laws of Planetary Motion.
120. Name the European mathematician whose Laws of Planetary Motion put forward the theory that the orbits of the planets are elliptical.
121. Who wrote The Starry Messenger, discovered the Law of the Pendulum, the Law of Falling Bodies, craters of the moon, and sunspots?
122. Identify the French mathematician and philosopher who promoted the "scientific method", believed that mathematics could describe all phenomena, and insisted on systematic doubt ("I think, therefore, I am.").
123. Name the author of The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia Mathematica), which offered his Law of Universal Gravitation.
124. Who made the observational proof of Copernicus’ heliocentric theory? Who made the mathematical proof? Whose work unified this work into a single unified theory?
125. What term describes the dramatic, grandiose art and music of the late 17th and early 18th centuries?
126. Name the Englishman, working in Italy, who discovered the circulation of the blood in the human body.
127. Name the English lawyer and politician who wrote essays promoting inductive empirical research as the basis for knowledge and attacking the deductive reasoning of medieval Scholasticism.
128. Identify the greatest painter of the Baroque period known for his strong contrasts between light and dark.
129. What city was the international center of the intellectual activities of the Enlightenment?
130. What Enlightenment figure expressed his belief in "empiricism" by describing the human mind as a blank tablet or clean slate (a tabula rasa)?
131. Which writer of the Enlightenment concluded that the ideal political system had a separation of the powers of government into different branches that could check and balance the power of the others?
132. Name the 35 volume collection of knowledge written during the Enlightenment and its primary editor.
133. Name the "fashionable" religious belief system of the Enlightenment followed by most of the philosophes that expressed a belief in God but placed the primary responsibility for improvement upon humans.
134. Identify the author and title of the greatest work of the Enlightenment on economics criticizing mercantilism and seeking "natural laws" for economics.
135. What French term did Adam Smith use to describe his primary economic policy for government?
136. Identify the French Enlightenment writer of The Social Contract who was critical of the philosophes' over emphasis on reason and their neglect of emotion and intuition, and admired the unspoiled simplicity of the "noble savage".
137. What was the pen name of François Marie Arouet, the acknowledged leader of the French Enlightenment and the author of Candide?
138. What term, meaning rule by a privileged upper class, best describes most European governments of the 18th century (1700s)?
139. Which two nations had become rivals to control central Europe in the 18th century?
140. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was meant to preserve the lands to be inherited by whom? What dynasty?
141. Name the 2 powerful monarchs of Central Europe who both came to the throne in 1740.
142. What war began in 1740 when Prussia broke its agreement to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713?
143. What territory did Prussia seize from Austria beginning the War of the Austrian Succession?
144. What nation had Europe's best army (although not necessarily the largest) in the eighteenth century?
145. Robert Walpole was the first person in British history to be called by what title?
146. England crushed a rebellion by what national group against its rule in 1746 led by Charles Edward Stuart?
147. Which two nations fought 4 wars to control trade and colonial empires in North America, the West Indies, Africa, and India, 1689 97, 1700-13, 1740-48, and 1754-1763?
148. What nation was the world's greatest sea power throughout the 18th and 19th centuries?
149. What was the Seven Years' War known as in the North American colonies of Great Britain?
150. Who was the British Prime Minister whose policies led Britain to victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756-63?
151. Name the agreement that ended the Seven Years' War in 1763.
152. What European nation emerged as the dominant world power following the Seven Years' War?
153. Great Britain gained control over what national area in Asia as a result of the Seven Years' War?
154. Name the five countries that qualified as "great powers" of Europe in the 18th century and 19th centuries.
155. Name an enlightened despot who ruled each of these nations: Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
156. The British Parliament passed the "Intolerable Acts" as punishment for what action taken by the residents of their Massachusetts colony?
157. Aid given by European nations to the 13 American colonies in their revolution was due to the belief of many European countries that what nation had upset the balance of power following the Seven Years’ War?
158. Who was the commanding general of the rebel forces in the British colonies in North America, 1775 1783?
159. What nation was first to recognize the independence of the U.S. and send aid during the Revolution?
160. What treaty recognized the independence of the United States?
161. What 3 countries partitioned Poland between 1772 and 1795?
162. What action did the King take in July 1788 in order to meet France's financial crisis?
163. What did the Third Estate, as the National Assembly, swear to do in the "Tennis Court Oath"?
164. The popular revolt against the government of France began with what incident? On what date?
165. The Constituent Assembly of France set forth its ideological basis for reform in the preamble to the new constitution. What is this document known as?
166. Peasants stormed manors, killed aristocrats, and destroyed feudal records in July August, 1789. What is this known as?
167. As a result of the women’s march on Versailles in October 1789, what did the King and government of France do?
168. Who was King of France when the French Revolution began? Who was Queen?
169. The wars of the French Revolution began when France declared war on what two countries?
170. Who was at war with France longer than anyone else during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods?
171. What type of government was established for France in the Constitution of 1791, its first constitution?
172. What type of government was established for France by the National Convention in September 1792?
173. Name the political club that came to control France during the National Convention phase of the French Revolution.
174. Name the leader of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled France during the "Reign of Terror".
175. What name is given to the period of violent reaction to the "Reign of Terror" during which the leaders of the "Reign" were executed.
176. Name the five man executive board set up to administer French government by the Constitution of 1795.
177. In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon settled France's dispute with what ruler and institution?
178. What did Napoleon sell to the United States in 1803 to gain needed money for his European wars?
179. What name is given to the basis of France’s legal system, first enacted in 1804?
180. Who crowned Napoleon Emperor of the French in 1804?
181. What battle, fought on December 2, 1805, is considered Napoleon’s greatest victory as he defeated a larger army combining both Austrian and Russian forces?
182. Napoleon's "Continental System" was supposed to bring about the economic downfall of what nation?
183. What thousand year old confederation was dissolved by Napoleon in 1806?
184. The first check to the expansion of Napoleon's Empire came with a nationalist uprising against the reign of his brother in 1808 in what country?
185. Napoleon's downfall began with his attempted invasion in 1812 of what nation?
186. As it tried to blockade France and stop imports, Britain found itself at war with what minor nation, 1812-15?
187. What 4 powers formed the Quadruple Alliance in the Treaty of Chaumont to finally defeat Napoleon and continued to found the Concert of Europe at the Congress of Vienna?
188. To what island was Napoleon exiled when he surrendered in 1814? Where to in 1815 where he died in 1821?
189. Who was restored to rule in France by the Charter of 1814?
190. Name the battle where Napoleon suffered his final defeat, June 18, 1815. In what modern nation is the battlefield?
191. Who was the Spanish artist whose paintings of the Spanish uprising against Napoleon serve as one of the finest examples of Romanticism in art?
192. Who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790 and became the founder of classical conservatism in nineteenth century Europe?
193. Which European nation's economy was most negatively affected by the Latin American independence movement?
194. Name the Austrian Foreign Minister who dominated the Congress of Vienna and the era (1815 1848) which followed.
195. What nation's traditional neutrality was originally established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
196. What four nations formed the Quadruple Alliance and the established the Concert of Europe? What nation joined later to make it a Quintuple Alliance?
197. What nation lost a huge empire in the Americas due to the impact of the Napoleonic Wars?
198. Talk by several of the European powers that they might attempt to regain lost American colonies caused the United States to issue what statement of foreign policy in 1823?
199. In what nation did the Industrial Revolution begin?
200. What industry was the first to industrialize?
201. Who invented the flying shuttle in 1737, the first of the inventions that sped up the production of textiles?
202. Who invented the water-powered spinning frame opening the first true modern textile mill in 1769?
203. Who invented the first practical, efficient steam engine that could be used to power machines?
204. The industrialization process in textiles shifted primarily to the manufacture of cotton cloth after what 1793 invention?
205. Name the British inventor of the process to make cheap steel developed in the 1850’s.
206. Who wrote On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection in 1859?
207. The "greatest happiness for the greatest number" was the goal of what radical political philosophy promoted by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill?
208. Name the author of the essay On Liberty?
209. Who wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798?
210. Name the author of On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation that established his theory of the "iron law of wages"?
211. Henri de Saint Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen are considered founders of what economic philosophy?
212. In 1819, which European nation became the first state in history to proclaim and enforce universal school attendance to promote mass literacy?
213. What were the English protesters against industrialism that smashed machinery known as? What were they called in France?
214. What did the Combination Acts outlaw from 1799 until 1825 in Great Britain?
215. What was the goal of the Chartist Movement?
216. After the Great Reform Bill passed in 1832 in Great Britain, what percentage of adult males could vote?
217. Name the German philosopher historian whose writings glorified nationalism, and celebrated the state as the highest social organism. He promoted the thesis/antithesis/synthesis dialectic.
218. To what area of social reform did Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Taylor Mill, and Germaine de Staël contribute?
219. What reform was the goal of the Anti Corn Law League in Great Britain?
220. What nation won its independence from the Ottoman Empire after a revolution, 1821 1829, that caused a weakening of the Quadruple Alliance because the powers disagreed?
221. Who became King of France in the July Revolution of 1830? What king was deposed in that revolution?
222. What western European nation gained its political independence by revolution against Holland in 1831?
223. Identify the 4 countries or national areas where the major Revolutions of 1848 took place.
224. Name the book and its author calling for revolution by the working class first published in 1848?
225. What two nations sent armies to Italy to stop the revolutions of 1848 49?
226. What nation sent its army to help the Austrians crush the revolt of the Magyars in Hungary in 1849?
227. What was the government of France establish in the Constitution of 1848 known as?
228. Who was elected President of France in 1848 and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Second French Empire in 1851?
229. Name the author of Capital who became the intellectual leader of the European socialist movement after 1860.
230. The Crimean War was fought mostly because of the growth in power of what nation in southeast Europe and southwest Asia?
231. What 2 Great Powers came to the aid of Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, 1853-1856?
232. The Crimean War was ended by what treaty?
233. What social action did Czar Alexander II of Russia take in 1861?
234. The "Eastern Question" concerned the problems caused in Europe by the breakup of what empire, the "sick man of Europe"?
235. What European nation tried unsuccessfully to colonize Mexico in the 1860's? Who was its leader? What was the name of the man who was briefly Emperor of Mexico, 1864-67? Name the Mexican President who returned to office in 1867.
236. Name the philosophy of pragmatic, sometimes immoral, politics associated Bismarck, Napoleon III, and Cavour?
237. What did a French company, under the direction of Ferdinand de Lesseps, complete building in 1869?
238. Who founded the "Young Italy" movement in 1831 and became the soul of the Italian unification movement?
239. Name the Italian state that led the way to Italian unification in 1861.
240. Who was the Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia who became the principal spokesman for Italian national unification after 1856?
241. What nation was the biggest opponent of Italian unification?
242. Name the leader of the "Red Shirts" or "the Thousand" who liberated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and added it to the realm of Italy.
243. What European nation aided Piedmont-Sardinia as it drove the Austrians out of Lombardy in 1859?
244. What nation was the ally of Italy in 1866 when the Italians took Venetia from Austria in the Seven Weeks' War?
245. The ruler of what Italian state was the longest holdout and last native opponent of Italian unification?
246. The "irredentists" in Italy would not be satisfied until what was accomplished?
247. When Italy was unified in 1870, who decreed that all Italian Catholics should boycott Italian politics?
248. From 1870-1929, what name was given to the Pope because of his opposition to Italian unification?
249. Name the Prussian Chancellor who was the architect of German unification.
250. Which German state became the leader of the unification movement in the 19th century?
251. What 3 nations did Prussia fight wars against between 1864 and 1871 as it created a unified Germany?
252. What German word for compromise describes the 1867 creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary?
253. Who served as Emperor of Austria/Austria Hungary from 1848 1916?
254. In the compromise of 1867, what ethnic group of the Austrian Empire gained control over their domestic homeland?
255. German unification was finally achieved during what war?
256. Whose rule of France was ended when he was captured by the Prussian (German) army at the Battle of Sedan in 1870.
257. Where did the coronation of Wilhelm I as the first emperor ("kaiser") of the German Empire in 1871 take place?
258. What 2 provinces did Germany gain from France in 1871?
259. In his foreign policy between 1871 and 1890, Otto von Bismarck tried to keep what nation isolated without allies?
260. What three nations formed the Triple Alliance in 1882?
261. The Triple Alliance was meant to intimidate what Great Power?
262. Bismarck feared a Balkan war because it might force Germany to take sides in a war between what 2 nations?
263. What name was given to Bismarck's political power struggle with the Catholic Church?
264. Where did the Great Mutiny (or Sepoy Rebellion) of 1857 1858 take place?
265. Name the four so called "white" settlement colonies of Great Britain that all became dominions of the British Empire before World War I (1914). Which one was the first dominion?
266. Who were the "Boers"?
267. Who wrote "The White Man's Burden"?
268. The sale of what began the fall of China to the control of European powers during the nineteenth century?
269. What territorial compensation did Britain receive as a result of the Opium Wars? (Identify the land area.)
270. What country was opened for trade by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853?
271. What government for France resulted from the Franco Prussian War in the Constitution of 1871?
272. In 1871, the majority in the French legislature favored what kind of government?
273. Who was the leader of the British Liberal (Whig) Party, the Prime Minister who sponsored the Third Reform Bill in 1884 and the first attempt at Irish home rule?
274. Who was the leader of the British Conservative (Tory) Party who as Prime Minister sponsored the Second Reform Bill in 1867 and the purchase of the Suez Canal?
275. Who was the monarch of England from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in English/British history?
276. What was the most divisive and persistent domestic problem for British government between 1870 and 1914?
277. What was the last major European nation to industrialize.
278. What was the most serious problem for the nation of Austria Hungary in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
279. Who was the subject of the scandal that rocked the Third Republic, its army, and the Church of France from 1894 1900.
280. What labels were used to describe European literature in the pre World War I period.
281. When the Khedive of Egypt sold his stock, what nation bought control of the Suez Canal in 1876?
282. Name the philosophy of the Frenchman Auguste Comte who founded the "cult of science".
283. Who forced out Bismarck as the German Chancellor in 1890?
284. What European nation was divided in the 19th century by two factions called Westerners and Slavophiles?
285. The Pankhurst family was most closely associated with what movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
286. Impressionism and other less realistic painting styles were a reaction to what technological invention of the 19th century?
287. Name the German philosopher who was the most outspoken critic of European society before World War I.
288. What was the advising Russian National Assembly provided for in the "reforms" of 1905 called?
289. What two Russian words (meaning majority and minority) were used to label the two wings of the Russian Marxist Movement?
290. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia?
291. What German policy angered and threatened Britain in the early period before the First World War?
292. What two nations went to the brink of war over clashing colonial claims in North Africa in the Fashoda Crisis of 1897 98?
293. What 2 European powers formed an alliance in 1894?
294. Cecil Rhodes was the leading advocate of imperialism and expansion for Great Britain on what continent?
295. What nation’s colony blocked Cecil Rhodes’ goal of building a British railroad from Capetown to Cairo?
296. What policy was advocated by Alfred Thayer Mahan as necessary for a nation to achieve world power?
297. What was the goal of the conferences held at The Hague in The Netherlands in 1899 and in 1907?
298. What nation did the United States fight in 1898 in its first war against a European country since 1814?
299. The practice of imperialism by the European nations made them rivals over colonial spheres of interest claims found mostly on what TWO continents?
300. From 1899 1902 the British fought a war against colonial settlers in order to establish their colonial claim. Where did this take place? What was the war known as?
301. What territory did the United States annex as a colony in 1899 only to be faced with a three year war to put down a rebellion of the native inhabitants?
302. In what country did the 1900 "Boxer Rebellion" occur?
303. Revenge over the territories of Alsace and Lorraine that changed hands in 1871, caused a fear of war between what two great powers?.
304. The Boer War (1899 1902) in southern Africa raised tensions between what two European Great Powers?
305. In 1902, Britain signed its first treaty of alliance since the end of the Crimean War in 1856 with what nation?
306. What 2 nations, enemies so many times I’ve lost count, settled their differences and signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904?
307. What 2 countries fought a war in 1904 05 over control of Korea? Who won?
308. In what city and nation did the "Bloody Sunday" revolt of 1905 take place?
309. What three nations signed the Triple Entente of 1907?
310. What nation's neutrality was to be violated by the Schlieffen Plan?
311. France and Germany went to the brink of war twice (1905 and again in 1911) before the World War actually began due to a conflict over colonization. What country was the object of the dispute?
312. What European Great Power was the strongest opponent of the Pan Slav movement?
313. What European Great Power was the strongest supporter of the Pan Slav movement?
314. The annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina in 1908, the so called Bosnian crisis, heightened tensions between what two European Great Powers?
315. Name the only major European power not using conscription for its military forces before World War I.
316. When World War I began in 1914, there were only two independent nations in Africa. Name them.
317. What minor nation was the leader of the Slavic nationalist movement in the Balkans that wanted to make itself the center of a larger nation uniting all of the southern Slavs living in the Balkan peninsula?
318. Name the assassin who shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914.
319. What nation did Austria hold responsible for encouraging the terrorism that led to Franz Ferdinand’s assassination?
320. What great power backed Austria-Hungary without question in the crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914?
321. What great power did Serbia turn to for defense when threatened by Austria-Hungary?
322. Identify the first nation to order a general mobilization of all of its troops as World War I began in 1914.
323. The first declaration of war beginning World War I was made by what nation? On what nation?
324. In August 1914, Germany simultaneously declared war on what two great powers?
325. Germany’s invasion of what nation brought Britain into the First World War?
326. The trench warfare of World War I was largely a tactical response to what weapon?
327. Name the unarmed British liner sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, killing over 1,200?
328. Name the two great battles of the Western Front in World War I still noted for the tremendous casualties.
329. Name the one great naval battle of World War I that saw the only major confrontation between the fleets of Great Britain and Germany.
330. Britain’s 1915-16 invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula failed in its attempt to defeat what nation?
331. Who was the British army officer who led the Arab revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule beginning in 1915?
332. What issue, more than any other, drew the United States into the First World War on April 6, 1917?
333. The Zimmermann telegram of 1917 was an attempt by Germany to get what nation to declare war on the U.S.?
334. Name the French general who was the final supreme Allied commander on the Western Front of World War I.
335. Name the general who commanded the American Expeditionary Force that began arriving in France in Summer 1917.
336. What was the plan for peace and a new world order offered by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918?
337. Which of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points did he consider the most essential in establishing a new, peaceful world order following World War I?
338. Name the last leader of the Russian Provisional Government that ruled Russia following the "February Revolution".
339. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks and first head of the communist government of Russia?
340. In March 1918, Russia surrendered to Germany in what treaty?
341. The heads of state of what 4 nations made up the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
342. On what day at what time did the Armistice that ended World War I take place?
343. Name the peace treaty between the Allies and Germany signed June 28, 1919.
344. Name the Prime Minister of Great Britain who represented his nation at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
345. Name the Premier of France who represented his nation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
346. According to the Treaty of Versailles, what nation was responsible for World War I?
347. Name the British economist who criticized the Versailles Treaty for ignoring the economic consequences of the settlement.
348. What international organization created at the end of World War I began its meetings in 1919?
349. What 2 nations were forbidden unification by the treaties of Versailles and St. Germaine?
350. What 2 nations were stripped of their colonies by the treaties ending World War I?
351. What was the function of the Mandate Commission of the League of Nations?
352. The creation of what nation in 1919 split Germany in two?
353. What new political party emerged after World War I as the second party in Britain's two party system?
354. By what name was the government of Germany known from 1919 1934?
355. Name 3 European nations where women gained the right to vote before 1930.
356. The goal of the 5 Power Treaty of 1922 was to limit what kind of armaments? What nations signed it?
357. The goal of the 4 Power Treaty of 1922 was to stabilize colonial claims in what part of the world? What nations signed it?
358. The 9 Power Treaty of 1922 involved agreements regarding national and colonial rights in what Asian nation?
359. Who became dictator of Italy in 1922 ruling until 1943?
360. What political party was founded by Benito Mussolini after World War I?
361. In the Lateran Treaty of 1929, Mussolini settled a 59-year dispute between Italy and whom?
362. Which two European nations emerged from World War I as the new controlling forces in the Middle East under the League of Nations' Mandate System?
363. What European nation was the site of the most devastating inflation in history in 1923?
364. What action did France take in 1923 when Germany stopped reparations payments?
365. What political group failed in an attempt to seize political power in Munich, Germany in 1923?
366. What plan first proposed by the Vice-President of the United States provided for the economic recovery of Germany in 1924?
367. The boundaries established by the Versailles Treaty and a demilitarized Rhineland were guaranteed in what agreement signed by Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy and Germany in 1925?
368. The Easter Rebellion of 1916 led to home rule (and eventual independence) for what country?
369. Who was elected President of Germany in 1925 and served as the last President of the Weimar Republic until his death in 1934?
370. In 1928, many nations agreed "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in what agreement?
371. Who became leader of the National Congress Party of India and its independence movement in the 1920's?
372. Name the leader of the Guomindang (Kuomintang) who emerged as the nationalist leader of China following the death of Sun Yat sen. He would be the head of state for China from 1925 until 1949.
373. Who emerged as the leader of the Communist Party in China in the 1920’s? He would be the national leader of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.
374. What name, after the Minister of War, was given to the line of defensive forts constructed by France along its border with Germany during the early 1930's?
375. Name the Viennese doctor considered to be the father of psychoanalysis?
376. Identify the author of General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, the landmark book of economics that argued that government deficit financing was the antidote to deflation and unemployment.
377. Who postulated that time and space were not, as Newton had said, absolute, thus laying the groundwork for the "new physics" of the twentieth century.
378. Name the author of All Quiet on the Western Front, typical of the literature of disillusionment that followed World War I.
379. What British political figure resigned his cabinet position following the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in World War I and later called for the rearmament of Britain to meet the rising threat of Germany in the 1930's.
380. Who was elected President of the United States in 1932 during the worst days of the Depression and served through most of World War II until his death in 1945, the longest term in history?
381. In 1931, Japan seized what province of China?
382. Who was appointed Chancellor of Germany in January 1933?
383. What event caused the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic to vote Hitler dictatorial powers?
384. What were the laws that singled out Jews for discrimination in Germany called?
385. What was Germany known as during the Hitler years? What years did Hitler rule Germany?
386. Who was the Nazi head of the Luftwaffe (air force) and considered second in charge to Hitler?
387. Who was the Nazi head of the S.S.?
388. Who was Nazi Germany’s Minister of Propaganda?
389. What nation was attacked and then annexed by Italy, 1935-36?
390. In 1936, the League of Nations passed ineffective economic sanctions against what nation?
391. What area, demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty, was remilitarized by Nazi Germany in 1936?
392. What nation’s civil war became a battle of fascism vs. anti-fascism and “dress rehearsal” for World War II?
393. What 2 nations sent aid to Franco's fascist forces in Spain during the civil war?
394. What nation sent aid to those loyal to the Republic of Spain in the Spanish Civil War?
395. World War II began in Asia in 1937 when Japan attacked what large nation?
396. What nation did Germany annex in 1938 in the Anschluss?
397. What pre-World War II conference is the epitome of the failure of the policy of appeasement?
398. Name the leaders and their nations present at the Munich Conference of 1938.
399. What region of Czechoslovakia was given to Hitler in the Munich Conference of 1938?
400. In March 1939, Germany occupied and annexed what nation in violation of the Munich Accords?
401. In April 1939, what nation attacked and annexed the nation of Albania?
402. In August 1939, what two nations signed a non-aggression pact to not go to war with one another?
403. World War II began with the German attack on what nation on September 1, 1939, conquered by the end of the month.
404. What single word best describes U.S. policy between the World Wars, 1919-1939?
405. What 3 nations signed the Tripartite Pact forming the Axis Powers of World War II?
406. What is the name given the German tactic of World War II with a lightning-fast attack using tanks, trucks and planes?
407. Name the six nations conquered by Germany in the Spring of 1940. (Not Poland)
408. Quisling is a synonym for “traitor” because his actions helped deliver what nation into German hands in World War II?
409. What event in Europe led the U.S. to abandon strict neutrality in favor of open aid to the Allies?
410. How was the Battle of Britain unique from battles in earlier wars?
411. What law provided for direct U.S. aid to nations fighting against the Axis in World War II?
412. What document stating British and American war goals and signed by Roosevelt and Churchill in August 1941 was the basis for the alliance against the Axis in World War II?
413. What name was given to the conflict on the high seas between the U.S. and Europe as the U.S. tried to supply its European Allies during World War II?
414. What nation was invaded by Germany on June 22, 1941, in violation of their earlier agreement?
415. Who was President of the United States for most of World War II? He died April 12, 1945.
416. What event brought the U.S. into World War II? On what “date that will live in infamy”?
417. Who was the leader of China during World War II?
418. Name the General who headed the government of Japan during most of World War II.
419. Who was the head of the French government with headquarters at Vichy, that collaborated with Nazi Germany after the French surrender in June 1940?
420. Who was the French general who led the Free French armies during World War II?
421. What battle was the turning point of WWII in North Africa? In what nation was it? Who was the hero?
422. Where did U.S. ground troops first see combat action in the European Theatre of World War II?
423. What battle is considered the turning point of the European War? In what nation was the battle fought?
424. After completing the reconquest of North Africa, in what nation did Allied troops first land on the European mainland?
425. Which Axis Power surrendered first and then declared war on the Axis during World War II?
426. Name the 3 Prime Ministers of Britain during the war in order? Who was P.M. for most of the war?
427. Who were the "Big Three" leaders for most of World War II?
428. Where was the World War II conference held that stated the Allies would only accept "unconditional surrender" from the Axis nations?
429. Where was the World War II conference held that finalized plans for a “second front” in France as the “Big Three” met for the first time?
430. Who was the overall commander of the Allied troops on the Western Front of the European Theatre during World War II?
431. Where in France was the "Second Front" attack launched on June 6, 1944?
432. What was the last German counter-offensive of World War II? In what country?
433. Name the largest and most infamous of the Nazi concentration camps where over 2 million died.
434. At what two World War II conferences did the “Big Three” actually meet face-to-face meet to confer?
435. General Douglas MacArthur pledged "I shall return" to what country?
436. What battle of World War II stopped the Japanese advance on Australia? (Do you know why this naval battle was unique?)
437. What naval battle is considered the turning point in the Pacific Theatre of World War II?
438. Who was the overall Allied commander in the Pacific Theatre of World War II? Who commanded the naval forces in the Pacific Theatre?
439. Allied strategy advancing toward Japan in the Pacific Theatre of World War II was known as what?
440. Name the site of the World War II conference where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet for the last time to discuss the world after World War II determining the post-World War II national boundaries and spheres of influence for the powers following the war.
441. Which of the World War II conferences was later criticized by some in the U.S. for giving in too much to the Soviets becoming a the precursor to the conflict of the Cold War?
442. Name the site of the World War II conference where the leader of the U.S., Soviet Union, and Great Britain met for the last time during the war. The ultimatum threatening the use of the atomic bomb was issued here.
443. What nation became the first to explode an atomic weapon in July 1945?
444. What was the code name for the project that built the first atomic weapons?
445. Name the President who represented the U.S. at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 complaining about Soviet non-compliance with the Yalta agreements.
446. Name the U.S. President who ordered the use of the atomic bombs on Japan.
447. What city was the site of the first Atomic bombing? The second?
448. What date was V-E Day? What date was V-J Day? What do these abbreviations mean?
449. What four nations divided and occupied Germany after World War II?
450. What city was also divided and occupied by the four powers after World War II?
451. Name the 5 nations with permanent seats and veto power on the United Nations Security Council.
452. Name the new government was established for France by constitution at the end of World War II?
453. Name the new international organization founded at the San Francisco Conference in 1945.
454. What name was given to the 45-year ideological rivalry between the Western bloc (the U.S. and its allies) and the Eastern bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies).
455. Who delivered the “Iron Curtain Speech” in 1946 considered the first alert to the Soviets in the Cold War?
456. State the policy of the Truman Doctrine.
457. Name the former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union who was the major architect of the Truman Doctrine.
458. The aid of the Truman Doctrine was first applied in what 2 nations in 1947?
459. What 2 nations became independent in 1947 in Britain’s biggest step in decolonization?
460. The British Empire was replaced in the post-World War II world with what new free-trade organization of 51 former British colonies originally established in the Act of Westminster, 1931.
461. Name the program used by the United States from 1948 to 1952 that sent 17 billion dollars to rebuild Europe and stop the spread of communism on that continent.
462. The fall of what nation to communism brought the passage of the Marshall Plan by Congress in 1948?
463. Name the only nation in Eastern Europe that managed to leave the Soviet bloc successfully in 1948.
464. Name the communist leader of Yugoslavia, 1945-80, who opposed Soviet domination of his nation.
465. The first major confrontation of the Cold War began when the Soviet Union blockaded what city from June 1948 until May 1949?
466. Name the alliance established in April 1949 by the United States and 11 other nations to stop the expansion of Soviet power in Europe.
467. Who was the first elected President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949-63?
468. Identify the nation where a civil war, that had begun in 1927, ended in a communist victory in 1949.
469. Who was the communist leader of China from 1949 until his death in 1976?
470. Who was the non-communist leader of China deposed in 1949 who moved his regime to Taiwan?
471. In 1949, what nation became the second to explode an atomic weapon?
472. Name the author of The Second Sex, the ground-breaking work of feminism published in 1949.
473. What name was given to the 1950-53 conflict where the communist-backed north invaded the non-communist south?
474. What nation was condemned by the United Nations as an aggressor in 1950 and had force authorized against it until 1953?
475. What nation was the victim of the above aggression and the first recipient of U.N. military aid to restore its sovereignty?
476. Who was President of the U.S. 1953-61 promising “massive retaliation” against the Soviet Union for the use of nuclear weapons?
477. Name the U.S. Supreme Court decision of 1954 that outlawed segregation in public schools.
478. Name the Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern European communist nations founded in 1955.
479. What event brought the formation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955?
480. Name the nation invaded by the Soviet Union in 1956 when it tried to liberalize its communist government.
481. Who succeeded Joseph Stalin as the head of the Communist Party and became the new leader of the Soviet Union until 1964?
482. Who did Nikita Khrushchev attack at the 20th Communist Party Conference in the Soviet Union in 1956 for his unneeded “extreme methods and mass repressions”?
483. Name the organization formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
484. Name the hero of World War II elected President of the Fifth Republic of France in 1958 serving until 1969.
485. France’s most bitter war of decolonization lasted 1954-62 in what African country?
486. What name was given to the first artificial earth satellite launched by Russia in 1957?
487. Name the President who was the first to declare that the Middle East was in the U.S. sphere of influence as he ordered a landing by Marines in 1958.
488. Where was the United States involved in a war from 1959 1975?
489. Name the Russian author of Doctor Zhivago who was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature.
490. Who became the first communist leader of a nation in the Western Hemisphere in 1959?
491. What was the name of the U.S. spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union in May 1960?
492. What 2 major communist nations began an ideological split in 1960 that never healed?
493. Who was President of the U.S. elected in 1960 and assassinated in 1963?
494. What Latin American nation was the site of a U.S.-backed invasion in 1961 that failed to overthrow its communist ruler?
495. Give the year the Berlin Airlift began. The year it ended. Give the year the Berlin Wall was erected The year it came down:
496. Name the first man to orbit the planet earth in a space capsule in 1961.
497. Name the first American to orbit the planet earth in a space capsule in 1962.
498. A major crisis of the Cold War came in 1962 when Soviet offensive missiles were discovered in what nation?
499. Identify the author of The Feminine Mystique in 1963 considered the foundation of American feminism.
500. Name both the U.S. President and Soviet leader who signed the Test Ban Treaty of 1963 that banned open-atmosphere nuclear testing for the first time.
501. Name the Soviet leader who led the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964 taking over as head of the Communist Party.
502. Name the U.S. President when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. What President authored the acts?
503. Name the leader of the U.S. Civil Rights movement who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and assassinated in 1968.
504. Warsaw Pact forces invaded what nation in 1968 to stop the liberalization of its communist regime?
505. Name the Czech leader deposed in 1968 after attempting his “socialism with a human face” policy reforms.
506. Name the Chancellor of West Germany whose Ostpolitik policies improved relations between his nation and the Eastern bloc nations.
507. Name the US space program that succeeded in landing the first man on the moon in 1969.
508. Name the Russian author and critic of the Soviet system who wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) and The Gulag Archipelago (1974) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970.
509. Name the U.S. President whose policy of détente was meant to improve U.S.-Soviet relations.
510. Name the Secretary of State primarily responsible for authoring the policy of détente.
511. In 1972, the U.S. re-opened relations with what nation for the first time since 1949?
512. Name the 1975 agreement signed by 34 nations that held the post-World War II European borders to be permanent and agreeing to respect the human rights and civic freedoms of their citizens.
513. Name the U.S. President who signed the Helsinki Accords.
514. The 1978 Camp David Accords declared peaceful relations between what 2 nations?
515. Name the U.S. President who negotiated the 1978 Camp David Accords.
516. In 1978, the Roman Catholic Church elected the first non-Italian Pope since the Renaissance. Name him. From what nation did he come?
517. Which Soviet leader’s name was connected with the doctrine that stated that force would be used against any nation that attempted to leave the Soviet bloc?
518. Name the Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1979-90, the longest term since the advent of electoral democratic politics.
519. Where was the Soviet Union was involved in a war from 1979-89 to sustain pro-Soviet rule and ending the era of detente?
520. Name the U.S. President who first declared that the Persian Gulf was within the U.S. sphere of influence.
521. In what nation did the Solidarity movement bring the start of the reform movement in the 1980s?
522. Name the leader of the Solidarity movement that arose out of a strike by shipyard workers in Gdansk.
523. What 2 men rapidly succeeded to leadership in the Soviet Union after the death of Breshnev in 1982?
524. Name the last General Secretary of the Communist Party to rule the USSR, selected in 1985.
525. What was the Russian word for restructuring that described Gorbachev’s new economic and government policies?
526. What was the Russian word for openness that described Gorbachev’s new free speech policies?
527. In 1986, what 2 leaders signed the first major disarmament agreement since the beginning of the Cold War?
528. Identify the site of the world’s worst nuclear power disaster in 1986. In what modern nation is it?
529. In 1988, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would no longer enforce what policy?
530. What two Soviet-bloc nations elected non-communist governments in 1988-89?
531. Who was President of the U.S. when the Berlin Wall came down, Germany re-unified, communism fell in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union dissolved?
532. What nation’s 1990 break with communism was known as the “Velvet Revolution” because of its non-violence?
533. In October 1990, the US, USSR, Britain and France recognized the reunification of the what nation in the event that many consider the single most important occurrence ending the Cold War?
534. Name the playwright who became the President of Czechoslovakia (later the Czech Republic) in 1990.
535. Name the Eastern European nation whose transition from communism resulted in extreme violence including the execution of its leader Nicolae Ceausescu in 1990.
536. Who became the first freely elected President of Russia in June 1991?
537. Name the 4 new nations that were created when Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991.
538. In the Summer of 1991, hard-line communist leaders failed in an attempt to overthrow the last President of the Soviet Union in a coup d’etat. Who did they attempt to overthrow?
539. Who gained power by rallying the Russian people against the hardliners in the attempted coup of 1991?
540. What office in the Soviet Union was held by Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, and Gorbachev?
541. Name the nation against which the United Nations authorized aggressive force in 1990 reacting to its invasion of another nation.
542. Name the nation that was the victim of aggression 1990 when it was invaded (see the above question), and the United Nations authorized the use of force to restore its sovereignty.
543. Name the 1993 treaty that established the financial criteria for unifying the currency in the EU.
544. Name the first 3 former Soviet bloc member nations that were admitted to NATO in 1999 and to the European Union in 2004.
545. Name the Eastern European nation where NATO intervened as both an offensive force and a peacekeeping force to protect refugees in a civil war that began with the fall of communism. This nation changed its name in 2004 to what?
THE MOTHER OF ALL TREASURE HUNTS
OR AN ATTEMPT TO REMIND YOU OF SOME OF THE MANY THINGS YOU HAVE FORGOTTEN THIS YEAR!
1. What philosophy of the Renaissance brought a new emphasis on the study of humankind and questioned many prior beliefs?
2. Name the "father of Humanism", called the first man of the Renaissance?
3. What invention caused the cost of warfare to rise greatly and brought a major weakening in the system of feudalism aiding monarchs in the centralization of governmental power?
4. What war in Europe was the first to feature the widespread use of gunpowder and large armies of commoner foot soldiers?
5. What city in Asia Minor was conquered by the Ottoman Turks bringing an end to the Eastern Roman Empire and forcing many scholars to move to Italy? In what year did the city fall?
6. In what country did the European Renaissance begin?
7. Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany is most frequently credited with what invention in 15th century?
8. Name the family that dominated the politics of Florence during the Renaissance.
9. The early Renaissance was characterized by classicism, the admiration and imitation of what?
10. Name the Italian political writer who summarized his cynical recommendations for ruling in The Prince.
11. Who wrote The Courtier, a Renaissance book of behavior and morals for gentlemen setting standards for 250 years?
12. In what western European country did the Muslims or Moors of North Africa leave their most lasting cultural impression?
13. The marriage of what two sovereigns united Spain? What 2 kingdoms were united by their marriage?
14. The Reconquista was the reconquest of Spain defeating what people? In what year was it finished?
15. What three institutional barriers stood in the way of centralized monarchy in the 16th century?
16. What two significant national areas of Europe were still unconsolidated at the end of the 17th century and would remain so until the 19th century.
17. Name the Dutch Christian Humanist who wrote the satire In Praise of Folly and numerous letters and essays seeking religious reform.
18. What event caused the Northern Renaissance to be more involved with religion than the Italian Renaissance?
19. Name the German priest whose protests over indulgences and Papal authority began the Reformation.
20. Name the man who, in the first half of the sixteenth century, reigned over Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, and Hungary the duchy of Milan, several German states and was also Holy Roman Emperor.
21. What nation’s invasion of Italy in 1494 caused the formation of the first modern coalition dedicated to reestablishing a balance of power?
22. Name the agreement of 1555 that allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.
23. The Protestant Reformation began in and had its greatest immediate impact upon what national area?
24. Name the Reformation leader who established theocratic rule in Geneva and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion.
25. Name the English monarch who broke with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England.
26. England went through its worst period of the Reformation as what monarch attempted to bring back Catholicism?
27. Who was the daughter of Henry VIII whose reign is most identified with the Renaissance in England?
28. England was made permanently Protestant by what ruler?
29. Which Protestant religious reformer is most associated with the belief of predestination.
30. What were French Calvinist Protestants known as? What were English Calvinist Protestants known as?
31. Who was the Calvinist reformer who took the Reformation to Scotland? In Scotland, Calvinists were what?
32. Name the man who founded the Jesuit Order (the Society of Jesus) in 1534.
33. Name the series of meetings called by Pope Paul III from 1545 1563 to initiate reform and clarify doctrine in the Roman Catholic Church as part of the Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation.
34. What are the 4 "G's" given as motives and reasons for the search for the all-water route to Asia?
35. What European nation took the early lead in the exploration of the world?
36. Name the Portuguese royal family member who founded a navigators’ school and was the great patron of early exploration?
37. Name the Genoese, sailing for Spain in 1492, made the voyage that opened European contact with the Americas?
38. What 1494 treaty divided the newly discovered unoccupied "heathen" lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal.
39. Who led the Portuguese expedition that was the first to reach India by an all water route, 1498-99?
40. Who led the first expedition to sail around the world, 1519-22?
41. Name the Spaniard who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico, 1519-1522.
42. Name the Spaniard who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in modern Peru in 1535.
43. Name the Spanish monarch, the son of Charles V, who led Spain to world dominance in the latter Sixteenth Century.
44. What nation tried and failed in an attempted invasion of England in 1588?
45. What was the invasion fleet of 1588 known as?
46. What financial problem seriously damaged the economy of Spain due to the high influx of silver and gold?
47. Who was defeated in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 beginning the end of its dominance of the eastern Mediterranean?
48. Name the great Spanish author of Don Quixote who was a veteran of the Battle of Lepanto.
49. Where did England found its first permanent colony in the Americas in 1607?
50. Where did France found its first permanent colony in the Americas in 1608?
51. What was the first cash crop that brought profits to the English colonies of North America?
52. What was the most important source of revenue for France in its North American colony of Quebec?
53. Who gained the throne of France in 1589 and converted to Catholicism bringing the French religious wars to an end?
54. What European nation won its independence in 1648 after an 80 year revolution against Spanish rule?
55. What European nation was recognized as independent of Habsburg rule in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
56. What 1598 decree by King Henry IV granted French Protestants freedom to practice their religion and build fortifications?
57. Name the French clergyman appointed First Minister of France by Louis XIII, serving 1624 1642, most responsible for the creation of the absolute monarchy in France.
58. What were the TWO basic goals of Cardinal Richelieu's policies?
59. What English document of 1215 first limited that country's monarchical power?
60. What family succeeded to the throne of England in 1603 joining together the monarchies of England and Scotland?
61. Name the King of Scotland who became King of England in 1603, joining the countries together.
62. What two forces clashed over the right to rule England through most of the 17th century?
63. In what English document of 1628 did King Charles I agree to the basic rights of Parliament?
64. What English king was executed in 1649 after the Civil War that began in 1642?
65. What was the nickname given to the Royalists and their supporters in the English Civil War, 1642-1649?
66. What was the nickname given to the Puritan Parliamentarians and their supporters in the English Civil War, 1642-1649?
67. Who was leader of the New Model Army and Lord Protector of England from 1649 to 1658?
68. One cause of the Thirty Years’ War was the omission of what religious denomination from the Peace of Augsburg?
69. One cause of the Thirty Years' War was the upsetting of the balance of power by what ruling family?
70. The Thirty Years' War began with a religious revolt by what group? (Identify nationality and religion)
71. Name the three major nations that came to the aid of the Protestant princes in the Thirty Years' War?
72. Name the agreement that settled the Thirty Years' War signed in 1648.
73. What country benefited most from the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648?
74. What two countries were recognized as independent in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
75. What national area of Europe suffered the most damage as a result of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648?
76. What German state began rebuilding from the Thirty Years' War by creating a strong national army?
77. What 2 European nations became the chief rivals for the control of India and North America in the 17th century?
78. What nation seized control of the Indian Ocean, China Sea, and East Indies from Portugal in the 17th century?
79. Name the political economic theory used to justify the regulation of business, trade and commerce by government in the 17th and 18th centuries.
80. Name the cardinal who succeeded Richelieu and served as Louis XIV's chief minister, 1642-1661?
81. What supposedly did Louis XIV say that expressed his belief in an absolute, autocratic monarchy so well?
82. Where did Louis XIV build his fabulous palace to house the nobility?
83. What ministry did Jean Baptiste Colbert head under King Louis XIV?
84. What nation stood in the way of Louis XIV's attempt to extend French territory to the Rhine River?
85. What national area did the Habsburgs gain from the Ottoman Empire in the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699.
86. What monarch came to the throne of England in the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660?
87. What two political parties first appeared in England during the 1670's?
88. What monarch was removed from the throne of England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
89. Who did the Glorious Revolution place on the throne of England?
90. The Glorious Revolution actually insured the rule of what in England?
91. What declaration by William and Mary in 1689 stated English constitutional principles including rule by Parliament?
92. The only major uprising against William and Mary was at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 in what country?
93. Name the author of Leviathan, who favored strong governmental authority because of his pessimistic view of humans.
94. Name the author of Of Civil Government: Two Treatises published 1690. What 3 natural rights did he note?
95. The War of the League of Augsburg, 1689-97, was fought to stop what nation from capturing the mouth of the Rhine?
96. What nation became the leader of the anti-French coalition in the War of the League of Augsburg, 1689-97?
97. What city was the center of European/international banking in 1450? In 1530? In 1600? In 1710? In 1920?
98. The War of the Spanish Succession was caused in part by what nation upsetting the balance of power?
99. In the Act of Settlement of 1701, the English monarch was guaranteed to be of what religion?
100. According to the Act of Settlement of 1701, what two monarchs would follow William III?
101. What 2 countries were joined together officially by the Act of Union of 1707?
102. What war was ended by the Peace of Utrecht and the Peace of Rastatt in 1713-14?
103. What family won the throne of Spain in the Peace of Utrecht?
104. What restriction was place upon France and Spain by the Peace of Utrecht?
105. The Elector of Brandenburg gained what title during the War of the Spanish Succession?
106. What family ruled Austria, Hungary, and much of south central Europe from the 14th century until 1918?
107. What family took the throne of Great Britain in 1714 after the death of Queen Anne according to the Act of Settlement?
108. What European state was ruled by the Hohenzollern family (dynasty) from 1417 until 1918?
109. The War of the Spanish Succession caused what small but significant economic power of Western Europe to go into decline?
110. What geographic problem has affected Russian history encouraging expansion?
111. Name the Tsar most responsible for Europeanizing Russia in the early Eighteenth Century.
112. What was Peter the Great's "window on the Baltic"?
113. The Great Northern War brought what nation into European affairs as a power for the first time?
114. What nation lost the Great Northern War and its lands on the southern Baltic in the Treaty of Nystad of 1721?
115. Name 6 great empires or powers of the sixteenth century that went into decline in the 17th century.
116. The need for labor on plantations to grow what crop was greatly responsible for the increase in the African slave trade in the 17th and 18th centuries?
117. Who succeeded Louis XIV as King of France, reigning 1715-1774? How were they related?
118. Identify the Polish astronomer whose works published in 1543 first championed the heliocentric theory.
119. Identify the Danish astronomer whose accurate charts of the heavens before the invention of the telescope provided the data for the Laws of Planetary Motion.
120. Name the European mathematician whose Laws of Planetary Motion put forward the theory that the orbits of the planets are elliptical.
121. Who wrote The Starry Messenger, discovered the Law of the Pendulum, the Law of Falling Bodies, craters of the moon, and sunspots?
122. Identify the French mathematician and philosopher who promoted the "scientific method", believed that mathematics could describe all phenomena, and insisted on systematic doubt ("I think, therefore, I am.").
123. Name the author of The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia Mathematica), which offered his Law of Universal Gravitation.
124. Who made the observational proof of Copernicus’ heliocentric theory? Who made the mathematical proof? Whose work unified this work into a single unified theory?
125. What term describes the dramatic, grandiose art and music of the late 17th and early 18th centuries?
126. Name the Englishman, working in Italy, who discovered the circulation of the blood in the human body.
127. Name the English lawyer and politician who wrote essays promoting inductive empirical research as the basis for knowledge and attacking the deductive reasoning of medieval Scholasticism.
128. Identify the greatest painter of the Baroque period known for his strong contrasts between light and dark.
129. What city was the international center of the intellectual activities of the Enlightenment?
130. What Enlightenment figure expressed his belief in "empiricism" by describing the human mind as a blank tablet or clean slate (a tabula rasa)?
131. Which writer of the Enlightenment concluded that the ideal political system had a separation of the powers of government into different branches that could check and balance the power of the others?
132. Name the 35 volume collection of knowledge written during the Enlightenment and its primary editor.
133. Name the "fashionable" religious belief system of the Enlightenment followed by most of the philosophes that expressed a belief in God but placed the primary responsibility for improvement upon humans.
134. Identify the author and title of the greatest work of the Enlightenment on economics criticizing mercantilism and seeking "natural laws" for economics.
135. What French term did Adam Smith use to describe his primary economic policy for government?
136. Identify the French Enlightenment writer of The Social Contract who was critical of the philosophes' over emphasis on reason and their neglect of emotion and intuition, and admired the unspoiled simplicity of the "noble savage".
137. What was the pen name of François Marie Arouet, the acknowledged leader of the French Enlightenment and the author of Candide?
138. What term, meaning rule by a privileged upper class, best describes most European governments of the 18th century (1700s)?
139. Which two nations had become rivals to control central Europe in the 18th century?
140. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was meant to preserve the lands to be inherited by whom? What dynasty?
141. Name the 2 powerful monarchs of Central Europe who both came to the throne in 1740.
142. What war began in 1740 when Prussia broke its agreement to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713?
143. What territory did Prussia seize from Austria beginning the War of the Austrian Succession?
144. What nation had Europe's best army (although not necessarily the largest) in the eighteenth century?
145. Robert Walpole was the first person in British history to be called by what title?
146. England crushed a rebellion by what national group against its rule in 1746 led by Charles Edward Stuart?
147. Which two nations fought 4 wars to control trade and colonial empires in North America, the West Indies, Africa, and India, 1689 97, 1700-13, 1740-48, and 1754-1763?
148. What nation was the world's greatest sea power throughout the 18th and 19th centuries?
149. What was the Seven Years' War known as in the North American colonies of Great Britain?
150. Who was the British Prime Minister whose policies led Britain to victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756-63?
151. Name the agreement that ended the Seven Years' War in 1763.
152. What European nation emerged as the dominant world power following the Seven Years' War?
153. Great Britain gained control over what national area in Asia as a result of the Seven Years' War?
154. Name the five countries that qualified as "great powers" of Europe in the 18th century and 19th centuries.
155. Name an enlightened despot who ruled each of these nations: Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
156. The British Parliament passed the "Intolerable Acts" as punishment for what action taken by the residents of their Massachusetts colony?
157. Aid given by European nations to the 13 American colonies in their revolution was due to the belief of many European countries that what nation had upset the balance of power following the Seven Years’ War?
158. Who was the commanding general of the rebel forces in the British colonies in North America, 1775 1783?
159. What nation was first to recognize the independence of the U.S. and send aid during the Revolution?
160. What treaty recognized the independence of the United States?
161. What 3 countries partitioned Poland between 1772 and 1795?
162. What action did the King take in July 1788 in order to meet France's financial crisis?
163. What did the Third Estate, as the National Assembly, swear to do in the "Tennis Court Oath"?
164. The popular revolt against the government of France began with what incident? On what date?
165. The Constituent Assembly of France set forth its ideological basis for reform in the preamble to the new constitution. What is this document known as?
166. Peasants stormed manors, killed aristocrats, and destroyed feudal records in July August, 1789. What is this known as?
167. As a result of the women’s march on Versailles in October 1789, what did the King and government of France do?
168. Who was King of France when the French Revolution began? Who was Queen?
169. The wars of the French Revolution began when France declared war on what two countries?
170. Who was at war with France longer than anyone else during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods?
171. What type of government was established for France in the Constitution of 1791, its first constitution?
172. What type of government was established for France by the National Convention in September 1792?
173. Name the political club that came to control France during the National Convention phase of the French Revolution.
174. Name the leader of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled France during the "Reign of Terror".
175. What name is given to the period of violent reaction to the "Reign of Terror" during which the leaders of the "Reign" were executed.
176. Name the five man executive board set up to administer French government by the Constitution of 1795.
177. In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon settled France's dispute with what ruler and institution?
178. What did Napoleon sell to the United States in 1803 to gain needed money for his European wars?
179. What name is given to the basis of France’s legal system, first enacted in 1804?
180. Who crowned Napoleon Emperor of the French in 1804?
181. What battle, fought on December 2, 1805, is considered Napoleon’s greatest victory as he defeated a larger army combining both Austrian and Russian forces?
182. Napoleon's "Continental System" was supposed to bring about the economic downfall of what nation?
183. What thousand year old confederation was dissolved by Napoleon in 1806?
184. The first check to the expansion of Napoleon's Empire came with a nationalist uprising against the reign of his brother in 1808 in what country?
185. Napoleon's downfall began with his attempted invasion in 1812 of what nation?
186. As it tried to blockade France and stop imports, Britain found itself at war with what minor nation, 1812-15?
187. What 4 powers formed the Quadruple Alliance in the Treaty of Chaumont to finally defeat Napoleon and continued to found the Concert of Europe at the Congress of Vienna?
188. To what island was Napoleon exiled when he surrendered in 1814? Where to in 1815 where he died in 1821?
189. Who was restored to rule in France by the Charter of 1814?
190. Name the battle where Napoleon suffered his final defeat, June 18, 1815. In what modern nation is the battlefield?
191. Who was the Spanish artist whose paintings of the Spanish uprising against Napoleon serve as one of the finest examples of Romanticism in art?
192. Who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France in 1790 and became the founder of classical conservatism in nineteenth century Europe?
193. Which European nation's economy was most negatively affected by the Latin American independence movement?
194. Name the Austrian Foreign Minister who dominated the Congress of Vienna and the era (1815 1848) which followed.
195. What nation's traditional neutrality was originally established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
196. What four nations formed the Quadruple Alliance and the established the Concert of Europe? What nation joined later to make it a Quintuple Alliance?
197. What nation lost a huge empire in the Americas due to the impact of the Napoleonic Wars?
198. Talk by several of the European powers that they might attempt to regain lost American colonies caused the United States to issue what statement of foreign policy in 1823?
199. In what nation did the Industrial Revolution begin?
200. What industry was the first to industrialize?
201. Who invented the flying shuttle in 1737, the first of the inventions that sped up the production of textiles?
202. Who invented the water-powered spinning frame opening the first true modern textile mill in 1769?
203. Who invented the first practical, efficient steam engine that could be used to power machines?
204. The industrialization process in textiles shifted primarily to the manufacture of cotton cloth after what 1793 invention?
205. Name the British inventor of the process to make cheap steel developed in the 1850’s.
206. Who wrote On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection in 1859?
207. The "greatest happiness for the greatest number" was the goal of what radical political philosophy promoted by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill?
208. Name the author of the essay On Liberty?
209. Who wrote Essay on the Principle of Population, published in 1798?
210. Name the author of On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation that established his theory of the "iron law of wages"?
211. Henri de Saint Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen are considered founders of what economic philosophy?
212. In 1819, which European nation became the first state in history to proclaim and enforce universal school attendance to promote mass literacy?
213. What were the English protesters against industrialism that smashed machinery known as? What were they called in France?
214. What did the Combination Acts outlaw from 1799 until 1825 in Great Britain?
215. What was the goal of the Chartist Movement?
216. After the Great Reform Bill passed in 1832 in Great Britain, what percentage of adult males could vote?
217. Name the German philosopher historian whose writings glorified nationalism, and celebrated the state as the highest social organism. He promoted the thesis/antithesis/synthesis dialectic.
218. To what area of social reform did Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Taylor Mill, and Germaine de Staël contribute?
219. What reform was the goal of the Anti Corn Law League in Great Britain?
220. What nation won its independence from the Ottoman Empire after a revolution, 1821 1829, that caused a weakening of the Quadruple Alliance because the powers disagreed?
221. Who became King of France in the July Revolution of 1830? What king was deposed in that revolution?
222. What western European nation gained its political independence by revolution against Holland in 1831?
223. Identify the 4 countries or national areas where the major Revolutions of 1848 took place.
224. Name the book and its author calling for revolution by the working class first published in 1848?
225. What two nations sent armies to Italy to stop the revolutions of 1848 49?
226. What nation sent its army to help the Austrians crush the revolt of the Magyars in Hungary in 1849?
227. What was the government of France establish in the Constitution of 1848 known as?
228. Who was elected President of France in 1848 and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Second French Empire in 1851?
229. Name the author of Capital who became the intellectual leader of the European socialist movement after 1860.
230. The Crimean War was fought mostly because of the growth in power of what nation in southeast Europe and southwest Asia?
231. What 2 Great Powers came to the aid of Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War, 1853-1856?
232. The Crimean War was ended by what treaty?
233. What social action did Czar Alexander II of Russia take in 1861?
234. The "Eastern Question" concerned the problems caused in Europe by the breakup of what empire, the "sick man of Europe"?
235. What European nation tried unsuccessfully to colonize Mexico in the 1860's? Who was its leader? What was the name of the man who was briefly Emperor of Mexico, 1864-67? Name the Mexican President who returned to office in 1867.
236. Name the philosophy of pragmatic, sometimes immoral, politics associated Bismarck, Napoleon III, and Cavour?
237. What did a French company, under the direction of Ferdinand de Lesseps, complete building in 1869?
238. Who founded the "Young Italy" movement in 1831 and became the soul of the Italian unification movement?
239. Name the Italian state that led the way to Italian unification in 1861.
240. Who was the Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia who became the principal spokesman for Italian national unification after 1856?
241. What nation was the biggest opponent of Italian unification?
242. Name the leader of the "Red Shirts" or "the Thousand" who liberated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and added it to the realm of Italy.
243. What European nation aided Piedmont-Sardinia as it drove the Austrians out of Lombardy in 1859?
244. What nation was the ally of Italy in 1866 when the Italians took Venetia from Austria in the Seven Weeks' War?
245. The ruler of what Italian state was the longest holdout and last native opponent of Italian unification?
246. The "irredentists" in Italy would not be satisfied until what was accomplished?
247. When Italy was unified in 1870, who decreed that all Italian Catholics should boycott Italian politics?
248. From 1870-1929, what name was given to the Pope because of his opposition to Italian unification?
249. Name the Prussian Chancellor who was the architect of German unification.
250. Which German state became the leader of the unification movement in the 19th century?
251. What 3 nations did Prussia fight wars against between 1864 and 1871 as it created a unified Germany?
252. What German word for compromise describes the 1867 creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria Hungary?
253. Who served as Emperor of Austria/Austria Hungary from 1848 1916?
254. In the compromise of 1867, what ethnic group of the Austrian Empire gained control over their domestic homeland?
255. German unification was finally achieved during what war?
256. Whose rule of France was ended when he was captured by the Prussian (German) army at the Battle of Sedan in 1870.
257. Where did the coronation of Wilhelm I as the first emperor ("kaiser") of the German Empire in 1871 take place?
258. What 2 provinces did Germany gain from France in 1871?
259. In his foreign policy between 1871 and 1890, Otto von Bismarck tried to keep what nation isolated without allies?
260. What three nations formed the Triple Alliance in 1882?
261. The Triple Alliance was meant to intimidate what Great Power?
262. Bismarck feared a Balkan war because it might force Germany to take sides in a war between what 2 nations?
263. What name was given to Bismarck's political power struggle with the Catholic Church?
264. Where did the Great Mutiny (or Sepoy Rebellion) of 1857 1858 take place?
265. Name the four so called "white" settlement colonies of Great Britain that all became dominions of the British Empire before World War I (1914). Which one was the first dominion?
266. Who were the "Boers"?
267. Who wrote "The White Man's Burden"?
268. The sale of what began the fall of China to the control of European powers during the nineteenth century?
269. What territorial compensation did Britain receive as a result of the Opium Wars? (Identify the land area.)
270. What country was opened for trade by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1853?
271. What government for France resulted from the Franco Prussian War in the Constitution of 1871?
272. In 1871, the majority in the French legislature favored what kind of government?
273. Who was the leader of the British Liberal (Whig) Party, the Prime Minister who sponsored the Third Reform Bill in 1884 and the first attempt at Irish home rule?
274. Who was the leader of the British Conservative (Tory) Party who as Prime Minister sponsored the Second Reform Bill in 1867 and the purchase of the Suez Canal?
275. Who was the monarch of England from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in English/British history?
276. What was the most divisive and persistent domestic problem for British government between 1870 and 1914?
277. What was the last major European nation to industrialize.
278. What was the most serious problem for the nation of Austria Hungary in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
279. Who was the subject of the scandal that rocked the Third Republic, its army, and the Church of France from 1894 1900.
280. What labels were used to describe European literature in the pre World War I period.
281. When the Khedive of Egypt sold his stock, what nation bought control of the Suez Canal in 1876?
282. Name the philosophy of the Frenchman Auguste Comte who founded the "cult of science".
283. Who forced out Bismarck as the German Chancellor in 1890?
284. What European nation was divided in the 19th century by two factions called Westerners and Slavophiles?
285. The Pankhurst family was most closely associated with what movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
286. Impressionism and other less realistic painting styles were a reaction to what technological invention of the 19th century?
287. Name the German philosopher who was the most outspoken critic of European society before World War I.
288. What was the advising Russian National Assembly provided for in the "reforms" of 1905 called?
289. What two Russian words (meaning majority and minority) were used to label the two wings of the Russian Marxist Movement?
290. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia?
291. What German policy angered and threatened Britain in the early period before the First World War?
292. What two nations went to the brink of war over clashing colonial claims in North Africa in the Fashoda Crisis of 1897 98?
293. What 2 European powers formed an alliance in 1894?
294. Cecil Rhodes was the leading advocate of imperialism and expansion for Great Britain on what continent?
295. What nation’s colony blocked Cecil Rhodes’ goal of building a British railroad from Capetown to Cairo?
296. What policy was advocated by Alfred Thayer Mahan as necessary for a nation to achieve world power?
297. What was the goal of the conferences held at The Hague in The Netherlands in 1899 and in 1907?
298. What nation did the United States fight in 1898 in its first war against a European country since 1814?
299. The practice of imperialism by the European nations made them rivals over colonial spheres of interest claims found mostly on what TWO continents?
300. From 1899 1902 the British fought a war against colonial settlers in order to establish their colonial claim. Where did this take place? What was the war known as?
301. What territory did the United States annex as a colony in 1899 only to be faced with a three year war to put down a rebellion of the native inhabitants?
302. In what country did the 1900 "Boxer Rebellion" occur?
303. Revenge over the territories of Alsace and Lorraine that changed hands in 1871, caused a fear of war between what two great powers?.
304. The Boer War (1899 1902) in southern Africa raised tensions between what two European Great Powers?
305. In 1902, Britain signed its first treaty of alliance since the end of the Crimean War in 1856 with what nation?
306. What 2 nations, enemies so many times I’ve lost count, settled their differences and signed the Entente Cordiale in 1904?
307. What 2 countries fought a war in 1904 05 over control of Korea? Who won?
308. In what city and nation did the "Bloody Sunday" revolt of 1905 take place?
309. What three nations signed the Triple Entente of 1907?
310. What nation's neutrality was to be violated by the Schlieffen Plan?
311. France and Germany went to the brink of war twice (1905 and again in 1911) before the World War actually began due to a conflict over colonization. What country was the object of the dispute?
312. What European Great Power was the strongest opponent of the Pan Slav movement?
313. What European Great Power was the strongest supporter of the Pan Slav movement?
314. The annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina in 1908, the so called Bosnian crisis, heightened tensions between what two European Great Powers?
315. Name the only major European power not using conscription for its military forces before World War I.
316. When World War I began in 1914, there were only two independent nations in Africa. Name them.
317. What minor nation was the leader of the Slavic nationalist movement in the Balkans that wanted to make itself the center of a larger nation uniting all of the southern Slavs living in the Balkan peninsula?
318. Name the assassin who shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914.
319. What nation did Austria hold responsible for encouraging the terrorism that led to Franz Ferdinand’s assassination?
320. What great power backed Austria-Hungary without question in the crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914?
321. What great power did Serbia turn to for defense when threatened by Austria-Hungary?
322. Identify the first nation to order a general mobilization of all of its troops as World War I began in 1914.
323. The first declaration of war beginning World War I was made by what nation? On what nation?
324. In August 1914, Germany simultaneously declared war on what two great powers?
325. Germany’s invasion of what nation brought Britain into the First World War?
326. The trench warfare of World War I was largely a tactical response to what weapon?
327. Name the unarmed British liner sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, killing over 1,200?
328. Name the two great battles of the Western Front in World War I still noted for the tremendous casualties.
329. Name the one great naval battle of World War I that saw the only major confrontation between the fleets of Great Britain and Germany.
330. Britain’s 1915-16 invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula failed in its attempt to defeat what nation?
331. Who was the British army officer who led the Arab revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule beginning in 1915?
332. What issue, more than any other, drew the United States into the First World War on April 6, 1917?
333. The Zimmermann telegram of 1917 was an attempt by Germany to get what nation to declare war on the U.S.?
334. Name the French general who was the final supreme Allied commander on the Western Front of World War I.
335. Name the general who commanded the American Expeditionary Force that began arriving in France in Summer 1917.
336. What was the plan for peace and a new world order offered by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918?
337. Which of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points did he consider the most essential in establishing a new, peaceful world order following World War I?
338. Name the last leader of the Russian Provisional Government that ruled Russia following the "February Revolution".
339. Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks and first head of the communist government of Russia?
340. In March 1918, Russia surrendered to Germany in what treaty?
341. The heads of state of what 4 nations made up the “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919?
342. On what day at what time did the Armistice that ended World War I take place?
343. Name the peace treaty between the Allies and Germany signed June 28, 1919.
344. Name the Prime Minister of Great Britain who represented his nation at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.
345. Name the Premier of France who represented his nation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.
346. According to the Treaty of Versailles, what nation was responsible for World War I?
347. Name the British economist who criticized the Versailles Treaty for ignoring the economic consequences of the settlement.
348. What international organization created at the end of World War I began its meetings in 1919?
349. What 2 nations were forbidden unification by the treaties of Versailles and St. Germaine?
350. What 2 nations were stripped of their colonies by the treaties ending World War I?
351. What was the function of the Mandate Commission of the League of Nations?
352. The creation of what nation in 1919 split Germany in two?
353. What new political party emerged after World War I as the second party in Britain's two party system?
354. By what name was the government of Germany known from 1919 1934?
355. Name 3 European nations where women gained the right to vote before 1930.
356. The goal of the 5 Power Treaty of 1922 was to limit what kind of armaments? What nations signed it?
357. The goal of the 4 Power Treaty of 1922 was to stabilize colonial claims in what part of the world? What nations signed it?
358. The 9 Power Treaty of 1922 involved agreements regarding national and colonial rights in what Asian nation?
359. Who became dictator of Italy in 1922 ruling until 1943?
360. What political party was founded by Benito Mussolini after World War I?
361. In the Lateran Treaty of 1929, Mussolini settled a 59-year dispute between Italy and whom?
362. Which two European nations emerged from World War I as the new controlling forces in the Middle East under the League of Nations' Mandate System?
363. What European nation was the site of the most devastating inflation in history in 1923?
364. What action did France take in 1923 when Germany stopped reparations payments?
365. What political group failed in an attempt to seize political power in Munich, Germany in 1923?
366. What plan first proposed by the Vice-President of the United States provided for the economic recovery of Germany in 1924?
367. The boundaries established by the Versailles Treaty and a demilitarized Rhineland were guaranteed in what agreement signed by Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy and Germany in 1925?
368. The Easter Rebellion of 1916 led to home rule (and eventual independence) for what country?
369. Who was elected President of Germany in 1925 and served as the last President of the Weimar Republic until his death in 1934?
370. In 1928, many nations agreed "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in what agreement?
371. Who became leader of the National Congress Party of India and its independence movement in the 1920's?
372. Name the leader of the Guomindang (Kuomintang) who emerged as the nationalist leader of China following the death of Sun Yat sen. He would be the head of state for China from 1925 until 1949.
373. Who emerged as the leader of the Communist Party in China in the 1920’s? He would be the national leader of China from 1949 until his death in 1976.
374. What name, after the Minister of War, was given to the line of defensive forts constructed by France along its border with Germany during the early 1930's?
375. Name the Viennese doctor considered to be the father of psychoanalysis?
376. Identify the author of General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, the landmark book of economics that argued that government deficit financing was the antidote to deflation and unemployment.
377. Who postulated that time and space were not, as Newton had said, absolute, thus laying the groundwork for the "new physics" of the twentieth century.
378. Name the author of All Quiet on the Western Front, typical of the literature of disillusionment that followed World War I.
379. What British political figure resigned his cabinet position following the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in World War I and later called for the rearmament of Britain to meet the rising threat of Germany in the 1930's.
380. Who was elected President of the United States in 1932 during the worst days of the Depression and served through most of World War II until his death in 1945, the longest term in history?
381. In 1931, Japan seized what province of China?
382. Who was appointed Chancellor of Germany in January 1933?
383. What event caused the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic to vote Hitler dictatorial powers?
384. What were the laws that singled out Jews for discrimination in Germany called?
385. What was Germany known as during the Hitler years? What years did Hitler rule Germany?
386. Who was the Nazi head of the Luftwaffe (air force) and considered second in charge to Hitler?
387. Who was the Nazi head of the S.S.?
388. Who was Nazi Germany’s Minister of Propaganda?
389. What nation was attacked and then annexed by Italy, 1935-36?
390. In 1936, the League of Nations passed ineffective economic sanctions against what nation?
391. What area, demilitarized by the Versailles Treaty, was remilitarized by Nazi Germany in 1936?
392. What nation’s civil war became a battle of fascism vs. anti-fascism and “dress rehearsal” for World War II?
393. What 2 nations sent aid to Franco's fascist forces in Spain during the civil war?
394. What nation sent aid to those loyal to the Republic of Spain in the Spanish Civil War?
395. World War II began in Asia in 1937 when Japan attacked what large nation?
396. What nation did Germany annex in 1938 in the Anschluss?
397. What pre-World War II conference is the epitome of the failure of the policy of appeasement?
398. Name the leaders and their nations present at the Munich Conference of 1938.
399. What region of Czechoslovakia was given to Hitler in the Munich Conference of 1938?
400. In March 1939, Germany occupied and annexed what nation in violation of the Munich Accords?
401. In April 1939, what nation attacked and annexed the nation of Albania?
402. In August 1939, what two nations signed a non-aggression pact to not go to war with one another?
403. World War II began with the German attack on what nation on September 1, 1939, conquered by the end of the month.
404. What single word best describes U.S. policy between the World Wars, 1919-1939?
405. What 3 nations signed the Tripartite Pact forming the Axis Powers of World War II?
406. What is the name given the German tactic of World War II with a lightning-fast attack using tanks, trucks and planes?
407. Name the six nations conquered by Germany in the Spring of 1940. (Not Poland)
408. Quisling is a synonym for “traitor” because his actions helped deliver what nation into German hands in World War II?
409. What event in Europe led the U.S. to abandon strict neutrality in favor of open aid to the Allies?
410. How was the Battle of Britain unique from battles in earlier wars?
411. What law provided for direct U.S. aid to nations fighting against the Axis in World War II?
412. What document stating British and American war goals and signed by Roosevelt and Churchill in August 1941 was the basis for the alliance against the Axis in World War II?
413. What name was given to the conflict on the high seas between the U.S. and Europe as the U.S. tried to supply its European Allies during World War II?
414. What nation was invaded by Germany on June 22, 1941, in violation of their earlier agreement?
415. Who was President of the United States for most of World War II? He died April 12, 1945.
416. What event brought the U.S. into World War II? On what “date that will live in infamy”?
417. Who was the leader of China during World War II?
418. Name the General who headed the government of Japan during most of World War II.
419. Who was the head of the French government with headquarters at Vichy, that collaborated with Nazi Germany after the French surrender in June 1940?
420. Who was the French general who led the Free French armies during World War II?
421. What battle was the turning point of WWII in North Africa? In what nation was it? Who was the hero?
422. Where did U.S. ground troops first see combat action in the European Theatre of World War II?
423. What battle is considered the turning point of the European War? In what nation was the battle fought?
424. After completing the reconquest of North Africa, in what nation did Allied troops first land on the European mainland?
425. Which Axis Power surrendered first and then declared war on the Axis during World War II?
426. Name the 3 Prime Ministers of Britain during the war in order? Who was P.M. for most of the war?
427. Who were the "Big Three" leaders for most of World War II?
428. Where was the World War II conference held that stated the Allies would only accept "unconditional surrender" from the Axis nations?
429. Where was the World War II conference held that finalized plans for a “second front” in France as the “Big Three” met for the first time?
430. Who was the overall commander of the Allied troops on the Western Front of the European Theatre during World War II?
431. Where in France was the "Second Front" attack launched on June 6, 1944?
432. What was the last German counter-offensive of World War II? In what country?
433. Name the largest and most infamous of the Nazi concentration camps where over 2 million died.
434. At what two World War II conferences did the “Big Three” actually meet face-to-face meet to confer?
435. General Douglas MacArthur pledged "I shall return" to what country?
436. What battle of World War II stopped the Japanese advance on Australia? (Do you know why this naval battle was unique?)
437. What naval battle is considered the turning point in the Pacific Theatre of World War II?
438. Who was the overall Allied commander in the Pacific Theatre of World War II? Who commanded the naval forces in the Pacific Theatre?
439. Allied strategy advancing toward Japan in the Pacific Theatre of World War II was known as what?
440. Name the site of the World War II conference where Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet for the last time to discuss the world after World War II determining the post-World War II national boundaries and spheres of influence for the powers following the war.
441. Which of the World War II conferences was later criticized by some in the U.S. for giving in too much to the Soviets becoming a the precursor to the conflict of the Cold War?
442. Name the site of the World War II conference where the leader of the U.S., Soviet Union, and Great Britain met for the last time during the war. The ultimatum threatening the use of the atomic bomb was issued here.
443. What nation became the first to explode an atomic weapon in July 1945?
444. What was the code name for the project that built the first atomic weapons?
445. Name the President who represented the U.S. at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 complaining about Soviet non-compliance with the Yalta agreements.
446. Name the U.S. President who ordered the use of the atomic bombs on Japan.
447. What city was the site of the first Atomic bombing? The second?
448. What date was V-E Day? What date was V-J Day? What do these abbreviations mean?
449. What four nations divided and occupied Germany after World War II?
450. What city was also divided and occupied by the four powers after World War II?
451. Name the 5 nations with permanent seats and veto power on the United Nations Security Council.
452. Name the new government was established for France by constitution at the end of World War II?
453. Name the new international organization founded at the San Francisco Conference in 1945.
454. What name was given to the 45-year ideological rivalry between the Western bloc (the U.S. and its allies) and the Eastern bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies).
455. Who delivered the “Iron Curtain Speech” in 1946 considered the first alert to the Soviets in the Cold War?
456. State the policy of the Truman Doctrine.
457. Name the former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union who was the major architect of the Truman Doctrine.
458. The aid of the Truman Doctrine was first applied in what 2 nations in 1947?
459. What 2 nations became independent in 1947 in Britain’s biggest step in decolonization?
460. The British Empire was replaced in the post-World War II world with what new free-trade organization of 51 former British colonies originally established in the Act of Westminster, 1931.
461. Name the program used by the United States from 1948 to 1952 that sent 17 billion dollars to rebuild Europe and stop the spread of communism on that continent.
462. The fall of what nation to communism brought the passage of the Marshall Plan by Congress in 1948?
463. Name the only nation in Eastern Europe that managed to leave the Soviet bloc successfully in 1948.
464. Name the communist leader of Yugoslavia, 1945-80, who opposed Soviet domination of his nation.
465. The first major confrontation of the Cold War began when the Soviet Union blockaded what city from June 1948 until May 1949?
466. Name the alliance established in April 1949 by the United States and 11 other nations to stop the expansion of Soviet power in Europe.
467. Who was the first elected President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949-63?
468. Identify the nation where a civil war, that had begun in 1927, ended in a communist victory in 1949.
469. Who was the communist leader of China from 1949 until his death in 1976?
470. Who was the non-communist leader of China deposed in 1949 who moved his regime to Taiwan?
471. In 1949, what nation became the second to explode an atomic weapon?
472. Name the author of The Second Sex, the ground-breaking work of feminism published in 1949.
473. What name was given to the 1950-53 conflict where the communist-backed north invaded the non-communist south?
474. What nation was condemned by the United Nations as an aggressor in 1950 and had force authorized against it until 1953?
475. What nation was the victim of the above aggression and the first recipient of U.N. military aid to restore its sovereignty?
476. Who was President of the U.S. 1953-61 promising “massive retaliation” against the Soviet Union for the use of nuclear weapons?
477. Name the U.S. Supreme Court decision of 1954 that outlawed segregation in public schools.
478. Name the Soviet-led military alliance of Eastern European communist nations founded in 1955.
479. What event brought the formation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955?
480. Name the nation invaded by the Soviet Union in 1956 when it tried to liberalize its communist government.
481. Who succeeded Joseph Stalin as the head of the Communist Party and became the new leader of the Soviet Union until 1964?
482. Who did Nikita Khrushchev attack at the 20th Communist Party Conference in the Soviet Union in 1956 for his unneeded “extreme methods and mass repressions”?
483. Name the organization formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
484. Name the hero of World War II elected President of the Fifth Republic of France in 1958 serving until 1969.
485. France’s most bitter war of decolonization lasted 1954-62 in what African country?
486. What name was given to the first artificial earth satellite launched by Russia in 1957?
487. Name the President who was the first to declare that the Middle East was in the U.S. sphere of influence as he ordered a landing by Marines in 1958.
488. Where was the United States involved in a war from 1959 1975?
489. Name the Russian author of Doctor Zhivago who was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for Literature.
490. Who became the first communist leader of a nation in the Western Hemisphere in 1959?
491. What was the name of the U.S. spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union in May 1960?
492. What 2 major communist nations began an ideological split in 1960 that never healed?
493. Who was President of the U.S. elected in 1960 and assassinated in 1963?
494. What Latin American nation was the site of a U.S.-backed invasion in 1961 that failed to overthrow its communist ruler?
495. Give the year the Berlin Airlift began. The year it ended. Give the year the Berlin Wall was erected The year it came down:
496. Name the first man to orbit the planet earth in a space capsule in 1961.
497. Name the first American to orbit the planet earth in a space capsule in 1962.
498. A major crisis of the Cold War came in 1962 when Soviet offensive missiles were discovered in what nation?
499. Identify the author of The Feminine Mystique in 1963 considered the foundation of American feminism.
500. Name both the U.S. President and Soviet leader who signed the Test Ban Treaty of 1963 that banned open-atmosphere nuclear testing for the first time.
501. Name the Soviet leader who led the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964 taking over as head of the Communist Party.
502. Name the U.S. President when the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed. What President authored the acts?
503. Name the leader of the U.S. Civil Rights movement who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and assassinated in 1968.
504. Warsaw Pact forces invaded what nation in 1968 to stop the liberalization of its communist regime?
505. Name the Czech leader deposed in 1968 after attempting his “socialism with a human face” policy reforms.
506. Name the Chancellor of West Germany whose Ostpolitik policies improved relations between his nation and the Eastern bloc nations.
507. Name the US space program that succeeded in landing the first man on the moon in 1969.
508. Name the Russian author and critic of the Soviet system who wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) and The Gulag Archipelago (1974) and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970.
509. Name the U.S. President whose policy of détente was meant to improve U.S.-Soviet relations.
510. Name the Secretary of State primarily responsible for authoring the policy of détente.
511. In 1972, the U.S. re-opened relations with what nation for the first time since 1949?
512. Name the 1975 agreement signed by 34 nations that held the post-World War II European borders to be permanent and agreeing to respect the human rights and civic freedoms of their citizens.
513. Name the U.S. President who signed the Helsinki Accords.
514. The 1978 Camp David Accords declared peaceful relations between what 2 nations?
515. Name the U.S. President who negotiated the 1978 Camp David Accords.
516. In 1978, the Roman Catholic Church elected the first non-Italian Pope since the Renaissance. Name him. From what nation did he come?
517. Which Soviet leader’s name was connected with the doctrine that stated that force would be used against any nation that attempted to leave the Soviet bloc?
518. Name the Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1979-90, the longest term since the advent of electoral democratic politics.
519. Where was the Soviet Union was involved in a war from 1979-89 to sustain pro-Soviet rule and ending the era of detente?
520. Name the U.S. President who first declared that the Persian Gulf was within the U.S. sphere of influence.
521. In what nation did the Solidarity movement bring the start of the reform movement in the 1980s?
522. Name the leader of the Solidarity movement that arose out of a strike by shipyard workers in Gdansk.
523. What 2 men rapidly succeeded to leadership in the Soviet Union after the death of Breshnev in 1982?
524. Name the last General Secretary of the Communist Party to rule the USSR, selected in 1985.
525. What was the Russian word for restructuring that described Gorbachev’s new economic and government policies?
526. What was the Russian word for openness that described Gorbachev’s new free speech policies?
527. In 1986, what 2 leaders signed the first major disarmament agreement since the beginning of the Cold War?
528. Identify the site of the world’s worst nuclear power disaster in 1986. In what modern nation is it?
529. In 1988, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would no longer enforce what policy?
530. What two Soviet-bloc nations elected non-communist governments in 1988-89?
531. Who was President of the U.S. when the Berlin Wall came down, Germany re-unified, communism fell in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union dissolved?
532. What nation’s 1990 break with communism was known as the “Velvet Revolution” because of its non-violence?
533. In October 1990, the US, USSR, Britain and France recognized the reunification of the what nation in the event that many consider the single most important occurrence ending the Cold War?
534. Name the playwright who became the President of Czechoslovakia (later the Czech Republic) in 1990.
535. Name the Eastern European nation whose transition from communism resulted in extreme violence including the execution of its leader Nicolae Ceausescu in 1990.
536. Who became the first freely elected President of Russia in June 1991?
537. Name the 4 new nations that were created when Yugoslavia dissolved in 1991.
538. In the Summer of 1991, hard-line communist leaders failed in an attempt to overthrow the last President of the Soviet Union in a coup d’etat. Who did they attempt to overthrow?
539. Who gained power by rallying the Russian people against the hardliners in the attempted coup of 1991?
540. What office in the Soviet Union was held by Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko, and Gorbachev?
541. Name the nation against which the United Nations authorized aggressive force in 1990 reacting to its invasion of another nation.
542. Name the nation that was the victim of aggression 1990 when it was invaded (see the above question), and the United Nations authorized the use of force to restore its sovereignty.
543. Name the 1993 treaty that established the financial criteria for unifying the currency in the EU.
544. Name the first 3 former Soviet bloc member nations that were admitted to NATO in 1999 and to the European Union in 2004.
545. Name the Eastern European nation where NATO intervened as both an offensive force and a peacekeeping force to protect refugees in a civil war that began with the fall of communism. This nation changed its name in 2004 to what?
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