Historical Figures Dinner!

I have some great pics from the historical dinner--and some video footage as well! I'd need a press release to post the pictures and because I don't want to go to jail or embarrass any of you--please email me if you would like to see them. Thanks to all of you for doing such an amazing job! That was the most fun I have ever had in a classroom and it's because of you guys! You really made my day!!

Good Luck!! I'm thinking about you guys....

Napoleon Hill: Quotes on Challenge
The strongest oak tree of the forest is not the one that is protected from the storm and hidden from the sun. It's the one that stands in the open where it is compelled to struggle for its existence against the winds and rains and the scorching sun.


And now for some last minute help:

Are you an art dummy? There's no shame in admitting that you have a "problem" understanding the different types of art. For some help, check this out: http://www.artcyclopedia.com/

Also, this teacher has a great website. Check it out: http://chaffeyaphistory.homestead.com/european.html

America enters WWI

Why did America join WWI?Freedom of the Seas…
Mrs. Davis WHII
The GREAT WAR!
The Loss of American Lives
The Germans sank the Lusitania, an British cruise/transport ship, bound for Britain from New York.
The German U-boat ring sought to sink all supply ships headed for Britain in order to starve the island. It sank the Lusitania as part of its efforts.
1195 people died, including 128 Americans. 
German submarine warfare
There were unauthorized German submarines along the US East coast.
Germany's persistence of unrestricted submarine warfare in the spring of 1917 provided the final straw for US politicians, and America declared war.
Economic Investments
The U.S. had huge economic investments with the British and French. If they were to lose, then they would not be able to pay the U.S. debt back (amounting to about two billion dollars while Germany only borrowed a mere 27 million).
If Allies could not pay back all the loans made to them by the American bankers, the US's economy could collapse.

Scientific Revolution 1470-1730

PtolemyGeocentric Theory
Earth-centered theory
IN the A.D. 100s, Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the CENTER of the universe.
Heliocentric Theory
1500s time frame
Nicolaus Copernicus argued that the sun was the center of the universe.
“Helio” is the Greek word for “sun”.
People paid little attention—it just didn’t make sense
The Scientific Method
Johannes Kepler and Planetary motion
PROVED COPERNICUS RIGHT
Brilliant mathematician who used models, observation and mathematics to test Copernicus's heliocentric theory
Published Laws of Planetary Motion in 1609
Galileo…The Heretic?
I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect intended us to forgo their use.
Galileo Galilei and his telescope
Italian scientist improved the telescope
Produced evidence that Copernicus was correct
Saw that the moon was not a smooth surface and that Jupiter had moons
Used experiments and mathematics to disprove that heavy objects fall faster than light ones

Isaac Newton and his law of gravity
Newton realized the force that holds the planets in their orbits and the force that causes objects to fall to Earth are one and the same.
Huge impact on the science of his time
You can also thank him for developing calculus
Galen
William Harvey and the heart
English physician that studied the circulation of blood and how it moved through the veins and arteries.
Also studied the heart
VesaliusThe Father of Modern Anatomy
Flemish scientist

Performed his own studies to see how human body was constructed

Published a book called On the Fabric of the Human Body

Helped people gain ideas on how the body worked

During his research Vesalius showed that the anatomical teachings of Galen, revered in medical schools, was based upon the dissections of animals even though they were meant as a guide to the human body.
The Impact of the Scientific Revolution
Technology- all weather roads improve year-round transport and trade
New designs in farm tools increase agricultural productivity
Improved ship design lower transport costs
Declaration of Independence
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

1690-1790 Europe turned on the lights : )

The Enlightenment
World History II

The 1700sThe Age of Enlightenment
Rationalism:
The belief that truth can be determined solely by logical thinking was called rationalism
Enlightened Despotism:
A system of government in which the absolute monarch would rule, but according to the principles of the Enlightenment
Discussion:
Man is a wolf to other men

What do you think this means?
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes
- wrote the Leviathan (1651)
- people are born selfish and wicked
- government was necessary to keep order in society
- argued that people should give up some of their rights and freedoms to a strong ruler
- this agreement, by which people created the govt. in exchange for law and order, was called the social contract
- he believed the most powerful government was an absolute monarchy
IMPACT:
People saw the necessity of good, powerful government or else there would be “war of every man against every man.”
Discussion:
All wealth is the product of labor. --John Locke
John Locke
John Locke
- wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690)
- people are born free with 3 natural rights: life, liberty, and property
- the govt. exists to protect people’s natural rights
- if it fails to protect those rights, it should be overthrown AND replaced with a govt. that will protect those rights
- criticized absolute monarchy
- believed the govt’s power comes from the consent of the governed
IMPACT:
Locke’s ideas were fundamental in the United States’ “Declaration of Independence.”
Discussion:
A nation may lose its liberties in a day and not miss them in a century. Baron de Montesquieu 
Baron Charles de Montesquieu
Baron Charles de Montesquieu
- wrote On the Spirit of Laws (1748)
- believed Britain was the best governed country of the day
- proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the govt.
- he also believed that branches of the govt. should keep a close check on the others; today this is called checks and balances
IMPACT:
United States, France, and Latin American countries use separation of powers in new Constitutions. U.S. also uses checks and balances.
Discussion:
“I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”--Voltaire
Voltaire
- published over 70 works of literature regarding politics and society
- Candide was one of his most famous works
- often targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and govt.
- sent to prison twice, then exiled from France, so he went to England
- he admired England’s political system
- argued that people should have the freedom of thought, expression, and religion
- he ended many of his letters with “Ecrasez l’infame!” (“Crush the Evil Thing!”)
IMPACT:
U.S. Bill of Rights and France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man guarantee certain individual freedoms.
Discussion:
Make women rational creatures, and free citizens, and they will quickly become good wives; - that is, if men do not neglect the duties of husbands and fathers. Mary Wollstonecraft 
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft
- wrote A Vindication On the Rights of Women (1792)
- education would make women more virtuous, useful, and better mothers
- women should be doctors, not just nurses, and should be allowed to participate in government
IMPACT:
Women’s rights groups form in Europe and North America.
Discussion:
Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles. Jean Jacques Rousseau 
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau
- wrote The Social Contract (1762)
- believed that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
- once, people lived as free and equal individuals, but as they became civilized, the strongest imposed their own unjust laws and forced everyone else to follow them, thus destroying freedom and equality
- the only good govt. is one freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of the people – direct democracy.

Reagan Smash! (obscure family guy reference)

The Cold War Review
The Origins of the Cold War (1942-1953)
The cold war began during the Second World War
The Americans and British decided to postpone questions about the makeup of postwar Europe.
Stalin, however, wanted decisions made with regard to postwar borders
West versus East
The Marshall Plan was established to help European economic recovery; the Truman Doctrine was meant to ward off communist subversion with military aid.
The Western Renaissance
The Marshall Plan aided in economic recovery and led to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC); military protection was provided through NATO.
Decolonization
"Decolonization" brought demands for national self determination in colonial areas after the First World War.
The Second World War reduced European power and destroyed the Western sense of moral superiority.
Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945-1968
While the West surged ahead economically, eastern Europe's political, economic, and social developments were slow and uneven--nearly at a halt by the 1960s.
Stalin began a new series of purges, enforced cultural conformity, and revived the forced labor camps.


Reform and deStalinization, 1953-1964
Stalin died in 1953; Khrushchev and fellow reformers won the leadership of Russia and then denounced Stalin at the Twentieth Party Congress (1956).
The Soviet standard of living was improved, and greater intellectual freedom was allowed.
The End of Reform 

ReStalinization began with Khrushchev's fall in 1964.
Khrushchev's policy of DeStalinization was opposed by old-time conservatives.
Khrushchev's erratic foreign policy
successful in building the Berlin Wall
Unsuccessful installation of missiles in Cuba.
Life after Stalin
Brezhnev stressed Stalin's "good points" and launched an arms buildup.
In Czechoslovakia the reform communists voted in Dubcek, who sought genuine socialism, democracy, and an end to censorship.
Resulting in…
This caused fear among hard-line communists in Poland, East Germany, and the Soviet Union.
Russian troops invaded Czechoslovakia, and the reformers surrendered.
Brezhnev declared (the Brezhnev Doctrine) that the Soviets had the right to intervene in any socialist country; further repression occurred within the Soviet Union.

New Roles for Women 
Emancipation of women
Women married earlier and bore their children quickly; a baby-boom occurred in the 1950s but in the 1960s the birth rate declined--reaching a no-growth level by the mid-1970s.
Therefore, most women had smaller families
After World War II almost all women had to go outside the home to find cash income--this helped by an economic boom of 1950-1973.
Youth and the counterculture 
Prosperity and increased democracy in the late 1950s and 1960s led to a youth culture that rebelled against authority and the status quo.
Rock music by Elvis Presley and then the Beatles encouraged its popularity.
Rock poet singer Bob Dylan best expressed the movement's radical politics, while the Beatles encouraged personal and sexual freedom.
Détente or cold war 
An alternative to the cold war was "détente"-- the progressive relaxation of cold war tensions between East and West
Détente was blocked by Brezhnev's Soviet actions in Afghanistan and elsewhere.
Carter, then President Reagan, increased American military spending--and joined Britain's Thatcher to check the Soviets.
The Soviet leader Gorbachev saw that the cold war was foolish and dangerous

It's the po-po, the 5-0, the popolo!

Why Italy?
Cities located in northern Italy such as Milan, Florence, and Venice had become very prosperous around the end of the Middle Ages.
These cities were located between western Europe and the eastern seaside of the Mediterranean.
Northern Italy was able to lead the Italian Renaissance due to the Mediterranean, the central location for trade.
They controlled trade with Asia mostly through the silk road. From Asia, northern Italian cities imported spices, dyes, and silks which were not enough or new in Europe.
Thus they were sold expensively, and northern Italian cities became rich. 
Economic Factors that promoted growth
the reduced population was much wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money to spend on luxury goods like art and architecture. As incidences of the plague began to decline in the early fifteenth century, Europe's devastated population once again began to grow. This new demand for products and services, and the reduced number of people able to provide them, put the lower classes in a more favorable position. Furthermore, this demand also helped create a growing class of bankers, merchants, and skilled artisans. The horrors of the Black Death and the seeming inability of the Church to provide relief would contribute to a decline of church influence
Venice
Venice supported by a large merchant fleet and powerful navy became rich on trade.
Venice also profited from the sacking of Constantinople at the end of the fourth crusade
Genoa and Milan
Two additional Italian port cities Genoa and Milan also benefited from trade because their geographical position as the natural crossroads for trade between the middle east and northern Europe
Examples of trade
Italian merchants purchased English Wool directly from the point of manufacture in England and transported the wool to North Africa
Italian merchants purchased spices and silk in the Middle East and transported it to the ports of Genoa, Milan, and Marseilles for resale in Northern Europe

The profits from this trade made Venice and to a lesser degree Genoa and Milan fabulously wealthy
The profits were continually reinvested to earn even more profit
Florence
Two Industries turn Florence into a Major power despite the fact it was an inland city
Wool

Banking – Florence became the bank for the Popes and dominated banking throughout Europe
The money from this business made Florence the financial capital of Italy
Florence
In the mid- 14th century Florence faced two economic problems
Edward III of England refused to repay a large debt forcing some bankers into bankruptcy
the collapse of the Bardi and Peruizzi banks would open the way for the Medici to rise to prominence in Florence
The Black death killed half of the population and Florence face labor unrest.
The poor property less workers revolted (1378)
The labor unrest caused a shake up in the political establishment but the Florentine economic structure survived the trouble and remained stable
Changes in the world of Art
It was during this period of instability that the first Renaissance figures, such as Dante and Petrarch lived, and the first stirrings of Renaissance art were to be seen in the opening half of the fourteenth century, notably in the realism of Giotto. Paradoxically, some of these disasters would help establish the Renaissance.
Communes
Northern Italy
Genoa, Milan, Florence, Pisa
Sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from the nobility
Guilds
They won their independence
They built new city walls, regulated trade, collected taxes and kept the peace
The nobility seeks to reestablish itself in the communal cities
They sought to marry into the commercial families and in the process created a new social class
The new social class protected its power by limiting citizenship to those who owned property, residence in the city, and the right social connections

The Popolo
The disenfranchised and heavily taxed people who were denied the right of citizenship in the Communes
They wanted to be included in the government and equality in taxation
They used armed force and violence to take control
They established representative governments (people exercise power through elected representatives)
There victory was only temporary
They soon acted and governed in the same way as those they had overturned and never really won the support of the poor or the unskilled laborer
They were never able to restore civil order and law to the cities
Competition for Power
Northern Italy was divided into a number of warring city-states, the most powerful being Milan, Florence, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, and Venice.
Northern Italy was further divided by the long running battle for supremacy between the forces of the Papacy and of the Holy Roman Empire: each city aligned itself with one faction or the other,
Constant Warfare
Warfare between the states was common
The first part of the Renaissance saw almost constant warfare on land and sea as the city-states vied for preeminence.
A system of Alliances is developed to create a balance of power
An important result is the development of modern diplomatic elations which included the use of ambassadors to make commercial contracts, and provide a direct contact between governments
Who won
By the end of the 1400’s Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, and the Papacy possessed the greatest wealth and power
However this success had come at a high price for the Italians city states could not see a way to cooperate or unite in order to defeat foreign forces and Italy was invaded by the Austrians and French
Italy would be an occupied land until the late 19th century and never become a powerful colonial nation-state like France, Spain, or England
Savonarola
Girolamo Savonarola was an Italian priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. He was known for his book burning, destruction of what he considered immoral art, and hostility to the Renaissance. He vehemently preached against what he saw as the moral corruption of the clergy, and his main opponent was Pope Alexander VI
What Savonarola Said
Savonarola returned to Florence in 1490. There he began to preach passionately about the Last Days, accompanied by visions and prophetic announcements of direct communications with God and the saints
The first disaster to give credibility to Savonarola’s apocalyptic message was the Medici family's weakening grip on power owing to the French-Italian Wars
The second disaster was the appearance of syphilis (or the “French pox”), possibly brought back by sailors from the New World, which was a running epidemic and as deadly as the plague
Finally, the year 1500 was approaching, which brought about a mood of millennialism. In minds of many, the Last Days were impending and Savonarola was the prophet of the day.
Who he attacked
he preached that Christian life involved being good, practicing the virtues, rather than carrying out displays of excessive pomp and ceremonies.
He did not seek to make war on the Church at Rome. Rather, he wanted to correct the transgressions of worldly popes and secularized members of the Papal Court.
Lorenzo Medici and his son Piero also became targets of Savonarola’s preaching
What he did
In 1497, he and his followers carried out the Bonfire of the Vanities. They sent boys from door to door collecting items associated with moral laxity: mirrors, cosmetics, lewd pictures, pagan books, immoral sculptures (which he wanted to be transformed into statues of the saints and modest depictions of biblical scenes), gaming tables, chess pieces, lutes and other musical instruments, fine dresses, women’s hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets, and burnt them all in a large pile
What happened to him
On May 13, 1497, the rigorous Father Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI, and in 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution.
He was charged with heresy, uttering prophecies,sedition, and even other crimes, called religious errors by the pope.
tortured on the rack. He signed a confession
degraded as “heretic and schismatic", and given over to the secular authorities to be burned. He was hanged in chains from a single cross; an enormous fire was lit beneath him; he was thereby executed in the same place where the "Bonfire of the Vanities" had been lit,